Literature Review

The city's unemployment rate remained in double digits last month? rising slightly to 10.3% from a revised 10.2% in August? signaling the recession is far from over in the five boroughs? a report by the state Department of Labor shows. The jobless rate is up from 6% last September? and is at its highest level in 16 years. The state's unemployment rate held steady at 8.9%. The sharp increase in unemployment reflects both a shrinking economy—the number of employed residents fell by 128?000 over the year—and a 50?000-person growth in the city's labor force. The rate remained highest in the Bronx? at 13.3% and in Brooklyn? at 11%. The number of New Yorkers unemployed for six months or more jumped more than 60% to 111?497 in the third quarter of the year? when compared to the previous quarter? according to an analysis of Current Population Survey data by the city comptroller's office.

“It's more of the same?” said James Brown? principal economist at the state Department of Labor. “It's a weak picture. It's continued losses in key sectors like finance and professional and business services.” Private sector employment in the city fell by 111?700? or 3.5%? to 3?123?600 for the 12-month period ending in September. The largest loss was in financial activities? which shed 32?000 jobs. Trade? transportation and utilities? professional and business services and manufacturing rounded out the biggest losers. Education and health services and other services (which covers religious and grant making institutions) were the only private-sector areas to post year-over-year gains. Government employment also increased.

Since employment peaked in August 2008? the city has lost 116?100 private-sector jobs? according to an analysis of state data by real estate services firm Eastern Consolidated.

As expected? government employment in the city took a hit in September? losing 32?300 jobs? as temporary summer positions supported by the federal stimulus came to an end? the Eastern Consolidated reports shows. Restaurants lost 3?400 positions last month? while construction shed 1?800. One bright spot: employment-services jobs were up by 1?400 in September. The sector is considered a leading indicator? as companies typically hire temporary workers when they want to test the waters of recovery. Though the high unemployment rate indicates losses will continue for months to come? the bump in employment services could mean that the worst of these losses are in the past. In ? there is no matching means to the GED. Dropouts can entire a Year 12 credentials by either coming back to high school? a perform that is not widespread? or? counting on the state? going into a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) College. In latest years? the Federal government has applied foremost alterations to earnings support arrangements to boost dropouts to come back to school or to take part in full-time learning and training. Several assesses were presented encompassing the obligation that juvenile persons under 18 years usually be in school or full-time learning or teaching to obtain economic assistance. These alterations were founded on the conviction that there are ...