LINGUISTICS

Linguistics

[Name of the Student]

Linguistics

Persian Language

The Persian language is of the Indo-European language family, within the Iranian branch of the language. This language group also includes the languages of Kurdish, Mazandarani, Talyshi, Gilaki and Baluchi. For five centuries before the British invasion and colonization of South Asia, Persian was a very common second language for many people.

In several courts, predominantly Muslim, throughout these areas, Persian was considered to be a refined and genteel language to use, as well as having the added bonus of being relatively common and wide spoken among the gentry and learned members of society. It became the official language of the Mughal emperors.

There are three eras to the Persian language, which are Old Persian, Middle Persian and Modern Persian. Old Persian dates from around 525BC to 300BC, Middle Persian dates from around 300BC to 800 AD, and Modern Persian dates from 800AD to the present day. This means that many speakers of Modern Persian can also understand several texts that were written a thousand years ago. While the Persian language is a language that has managed to keep many of its original grammatical features, it is also a language that has influenced and been influenced by many of the languages surrounding it.

The Persian language, as we know it today, is considered by linguists to be a very similar language to both Middle Persian and Old Persian. The grammar itself is actually very similar to many Western languages, and the Persian language has been able to contribute to many literary and scientific endeavors in the eastern half of the world.

Latin Language

The major branch of Indo-Europeans moved into Europe, where they diverged into several groups. The languages of these groups include the Latin-based Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French, Romansch, and Romanian), which arose during the disintegration of the Roman Empire. Greek and Albanian form separate categories in their own right. Farther north, the Germanic languages include German, Dutch, the Scandinavian tongues, and English. Celtic, an early branch once widespread throughout Western Europe, today consists of Scottish and Irish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton in Western France, and extinct tongues such as Cornish; this branch is in danger of disappearing. In Eastern Europe and Russia, the Slavic branch includes Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian. The Baltic group of Lithuanian and Latvian is another branch.

With the expansion of Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British colonialism, Indo-European languages were carried throughout much of the world, becoming dominant throughout the New World, Australia, and New Zealand . Today, about half of the world speaks an Indo-European tongue of one sort or another. The rise of the nation-state as well as the invention of printing had enormous effects on the social and spatial structure of language. One dialect—typically that of dominant elites, whether in Tuscany, London, Madrid, or Paris—became privileged over others, expanding into national languages, annihilating local differences in vocabulary and pronunciation but integrating diverse groups linguistically into a common group.

Greek language

The colonization movement from the eighth ...