IT-Technology

Task-I

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage, English mathematician known as a pioneer of computer science, develops the first analytical engine, acting on the principle similar to the principles of operation of digital computers, called "mill arithmetic". This machine was to perform basic mathematical operations, store input data, intermediate and final results of the calculations. Input and output of data was done on punch cards. The project was not implemented due to the low level of existing technology. In 1991, the Science Museum in London, performed by the original plans fragment (adding machine) Second machines Differential, proving the correctness of the structure (Box-Steffensmeier & Bradford, 2004). 

1942 - John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry completed the construction of one of the first electronic computing machines called the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Calculator). In 1973, a U.S. court ruled that their machine had sufficient characteristics of a computer, to invalidate patents, which was covered by the ENIAC, widely considered to be the first electronic computer.

1943-1931 May Moore School of Electrical Engineering in Philly created the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Interpreter And Calculator), constructed by JP Eckert and JW Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania, for the calculation of ballistic U.S. Navy. The Bletchley Park in England constructed electronic computer called Colossus, which was to facilitate the breaking of codes of war. This fact was kept secret for the next 32 years.

1946 (Feb. 14) - U.S. after three years of work at the University of Pennsylvania JP Eckert and John William Mauchly trigger a machine that uses vacuum tubes - it was the first machine of the first generation. This is the famous ENIAC, Electronic Numerical, Integrator, Analyzer, and Computer. 15x10m occupying space, energy consuming 174 kW. In his extremely pradozernym hidden inside 17,468 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, resistors 70 000 and 10 000 capacitors. The figures were presented in decimal code, up to 10 digits. The operating speed was much greater than zero generation machines - at a frequency of 100 kHz clock addition time was 0.2 ms, 2.8 ms multiplication took. ENIAC could not work for too long without a break - a very big obstacle was the power needed to heat lamps. It turned out, however, that the reliability of the energy-intensive colossus was a good - a week exchanged 2-3 lamps! In ENIACu not applied any new computational methods, activities were carried out in parallel, for decimal digits.

1947 - DECEMBER 23 employees of Bell Telephone Laboratories, William Bradford Shockley, J. Bardeen and WH Brattain form a transistor, for which receive the Nobel Prize in 1956 Establishment of the first magnetic data carriers. They are quite large magnetic drums.

1948 - This year was full of a lot of computer news. John von Neumann proposes the architecture of computers used in practice to this day. It involves placing the program and data memory as one of structures represented identically. On the computer market with the machine enters the IBM SSEC (12 500 lamps), and slightly later Model 604 (1 400 lamps). Richard Hamming develop the method of detecting errors in ...