INTRODUCTION ON SYNTHESIS OF HALOGENATED ANTHRAQUINONE

Introduction on Synthesis of Halogenated Anthraquinone

[Name of the Institute]Introduction on Synthesis of Halogenated Anthraquinone

Introduction

Past studies and researches show the effect of electron shuttling compounds, i.e. anthraquinone- 2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and soluble humic substances on RDX mineralization in underground aquifers. The results showed that amendment with shuttling compounds did not affect RDX mineralization rate, but decreased the generation of nitroso byproducts. In addition it was reported that Fe(III) reducing bacteria (beta- and gamma-proteobacteria) were the dominant species in shuttle amended tests.

Reports reveal that used DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) to identify the sulfate-reducing, toluene degrading bacteria in a sedimentary microbial community collected from a tar-oil-contaminated aquifer at a former coal gasification plant. The results showed that inoculating of sediment samples with C13 labeled toluene resulted in the yield of sulfide and C13 labeled CO2 that were strongly correlated with C13 labeling of DNA of bacteria. The identified bacteria were found to be related Desulfosporosinus spp. within the Peptococcaceae (Clostridia). Ohta studied the mechanism of anaerobic degradation of quinolone in soils by carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation. The results showed that 2-hydroxyquinoline was the primary intermediate. There was significant hydrogen isotope fractionation, but no carbon isotope effect suggesting that the former can be used as an indicator of quinolone degradation in environment (Ohta, 1992, pp: 565).

Samp studied bioremediation of oil contaminated soils in a laboratory scale slurry-sequencing batch reactor (SS-SBR). Soil samples were contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons with concentration of 67,500 mg/kg and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 90 days was maintained by replacing 10% (v/v) of the treated slurry with untreated one every two weeks. The results showed that under the experimental conditions and HRT about 95% of the total petroleum hydrocarbon in the contaminated soil was degraded. Samp studied the transformation of glucose and tetrachloromethane in hybrid MnO2 catalyzed H2O2 (CHP)-microbial system. Tetrachloromethane transformation was observed in CHP process whereas glucose transformation was observed in biological system with E. coli. The results demonstrated that such combined systems may be used for wastewaters containing trace amounts of halogenated compounds.

Moriarty studied the effect of oxygen on the PCP degradation by coupled sludge granules in batch experiments. The best PCP degradation (95%) was achieved at initial headspace oxygen percentage (IHOP) of 40% with main intermediates being the products of reductive PCP dehalogenation trichlorophenol (TCP), dichlorophenol (DCP), and monochlorophenol (MCP). The results suggested that PCP degradation proceeded via combination of reductive and oxidative degradation mechanisms by methanogens and aerobic or facultative bacteria (Samp, 2008, pp: 30). Moriarty KJ, Silk DB investigated Pt(IV) and Pd(II) adsorption onto magnetic chitosan nanoparticles modified by ethylenediamine and reported that the maximum adsorption capacity, occurring at pH 2, for Pt(IV) and Pd(II) was 171 and 138 mg/g, respectively. Zimmermann et al. (2010) studied the adsorption of Cr(VI) by cross-linked Fe-chitosan and reported that coordination between Cr(VI) and Fe(III) complexes contributed to the high adsorption capacity (Moriarty, 1988, pp: 15).

Past studies demonstrated the advantages of using Fe3O4/Al(OH)3 magnetic nanoparticles to remove fluoride from ...