INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication

Models of Communication

Hypodermic Needle

The communication research began as an investigation of mass communication after World War I (1914-1918). The first models of communication were so-called "hypodermic needle model," Simple models of stimulus-response (ER).

Stewart Donald Theory

Donald Stewart clearly distinguishes these psychological aspects of the purely physical aspects of communication. Stewart points out that both natural signals as symbols share the same physical property. For these signs and symbols contribute to communication, they must be transformed into ideas. Make sense to the person (Wood, 2007).

Stewart defines communication as "a physical and mental function of which is the statement of meaning with respect," the primary goal of communication is that the recipient State the meaning intended.

Hovland Model (1942-1945)

Hovland is considered one of the four parent's communication theorists and those who contribute most in communication. Their model has often been regarded as an extension of the hypodermic needle theory, however, gives certain guidelines of behavior to each recipient.

The effectiveness of communication, which warns Hovland six phases, is the response (behavior change) of a causal process of a stimulus, the exposure of a message (event sender) and need to attract attention (to arrive), be understood (reach), to be accepted (act), being held (remain).

Hovland's model developed almost exclusively with the intention of organizing the elements and variables of attitude change produced by the media (Nickerson, 1999). The model was the basis for the investigations conducted by Hovland and his colleagues at Yale University. Bettinghaus ENVIN comments as Hovland's model: "Note that the model does not attempt to specify Hovland precise relationships between the various factors, and seeks to show the dynamic nature of communication. Essentially, the model tells us that communication can be studied using various approaches and relationships that exist between them “(Hodge, 2001).

The Laswell Formula (1948)

In his diagram Harold D. Laswell (considered one of the fathers of communication) a profile of the relations and mediations that occur in mass communication. Laswell considers not only the subjects who communicate well, their intentions, which communicate the reasons, motives or justifications, which determine the media, along with the conditions of reception.

This effort at synthesis is particularly valuable, given that groups the five pillars of the communication process.

Model Shannon and Weaver (1948-1949)

Shannon published his work in 1948 and supplemented it in 1949 Weaver, also known as the "Model of Telecommunications". It has a focus on telecommunications, and they did not intend to study the dynamics and psychological aspects of communication.

The model tells us that a source station selects the different signs of an alphabet, organizing them into a message (sequential organization), which is transmitted through the emission of signals or physical stimuli, by electronic or mechanical channel and the signals received by receptor mechanism, which also decodes.

The Operational Model Sociological Riley and Riley (1951)

Proposed a model which states that, besides the elements of Aristotle, and Berlo Laswell was necessary to consider the factor of social context, i.e. the environment in which they operate both the receiver and the transmitter (which is different for each ...