Human Genome and Bio-system

Introduction

Genomes are the myriad organisms that specify the life present on our planet. Genome possess the biological information that forms the hereditary charcteristics of every indivudal. Genomes of human and cellular organisms is made of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid . Scientists are concerned with determining the series of genome that forms the DNA and RNA sequentials. In human genome project, scientists are concerned with identifying and mapping the human genomes from functional position that also include understadning the structure of genes.

Comapre to multi-cellular organisms genome, human genome is the most typical one in nature. It is divided into two parts which include nuclear genome and mitochondrial genome. Nuclear genome approximately contains 3.2 billion DNA nucleotides which are categorized in twenty four linear molecules, each contained in a different chromosome (Bisen, 23). Every chromosome contains numerous genes that are the elementary funtional and substantial hereditary units. Genes contains information that are transmitted through RNA regarding the production of protein in cells. Contrastingly, mitochondrial genome which is a circular DNA molecule contains 16,569 nucleotides. Numerous replica of mitochondrial genome are located in the mitochondria which are also called energy-generating organelles of the cell.

Genome chain defines the organism's blueprint. Genomes contain biological information which direct the the corresponding action of enzymes and proteins . This makes the multifaceted sequence of biochemical reactions described under the terminology of genome expression. It presents the set of instructions specifying the biological features of the organism.

Initial step in the process in the replication of encoded messages from the transcription of DNA present in cell into RNA. It is followed by conversion of prime RNA into principal RNA molecules (Boon, 46). Scientists are encoding the systematic sequence of DNA for recognition and identification of the dissimilar RNA present in the cells. Human Genome researches have revealed that genetic material can be formed from differing spliced RNA molecules present in the cell. In realtion to human genome investigaions, four more bio-systems which include transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and connectome are being developed by scientist tio understand the real actions of cells (Deonier, 71).

Transcriptome

Transcriptome are the set of messenger RNA transcripts that are formed from genome under certain conditions. In some cells the transcriptional activity is constant throughout life, but in others it depends on physiological or pathological states and specific stimuli. Transcriptome is a compilation of RNA molecules that are formed from protein-coding genes. The RNA molecules of the transcriptome, as well as many other RNAs derived from genes that do not code for proteins, are synthesized by the process called transcription (Nicholl, 151).

Scientists have developed the splicing as a post-transcriptional technique in which the introns are cut and fit to the protein-coding exons. Mutations in splice areas, inherited or acquired, are often the cause of aberrant splicing or disease that produces abnormal mRNA. DNA dependent RNA polymerases are basically enzymes that explains the transcription of DNA into RNA (Clark, 197). This indicates that the enzymatic reaction that are catalyze in transcriptome results in polymerization of RNA from ribonucleotides and happens ...