HUMAN BODY

Physiology of the Human Body

Physiology of the Human Body

Human Body

The body is the entire organization of a human. The human body is composed of around 100 trillion cells. If any part of a human body gets affected , it causes an affect on the functioning of the whole body . Therefore , one should be very particular about the sensitivity of all the human organs .Cell is the basic unit of life and consists of organelles which mediate the functioning and growth of the cell. Vital organelles of the cell include,

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Moreover, the human body consists of various biological systems that mediate the functioning and growth of the body, these include,

Source of Image: http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/human-body-organ-systems-an-orientation/

The five essential organs of the human body that are essential for survival are the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. Cellular Metabolism

Metabolism

The sum of cell's chemical reactions, consists of two processes,

1.Catabolism

The breakdown of food to generate energy.

2.Anabolism

The synthesis of compounds to generate energy

Humans are heterotrophs; they consume organic compounds such as, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in their diet to generate energy. The energy generated is controlled by cellular respiration to mediate various activities to maintain life. Cellular respiration is of two types,

1.Aerobic

It takes place in the presence of Oxygen.

2.Anaerobic

It takes place in the absence of Oxygen

Aerobic cellular respiration consists of series chemical reactions mediated by enzymes, in which oxygen causes the disintegration of glucose into carbon dioxide, water and energy from glucose is released in the form of ATP. The three distinct enzymatic pathways involved,

1.Glycolysis,

2.The Krebs cycle,

3.Electron-transport system.

Initially, glucose is disintegrated in the cytoplasm by the process of glycolysis to produce pyruvic acid, which initiates, the Krebs cycle. Next, the pyruvic acid breakdown occurs in the mitochondria to release carbon dioxide. The electrons and the hydrogen ions produced from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are transferred by both NADH and FADH2 to the electron-transport system, from where electrons transfer to oxygen from surrounding. Water is produced by binding of hydrogen ions to oxygen ions. Moreover, although ATP is generated in all three stages, but the maximum is generated during the electron-transfer system (Enger, Ross, Bailey, 2012, p.111-126).

Source of image: https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072986573/343029/Eng12e_ch06.pdf

Source of image: https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072986573/343029/Eng12e_ch06.pdf

Homeostasis

It is defined as; the tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal state of equilibrium, by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, despite external conditions. It is essential to maintain a state of equilibrium within the body, especially in the intracellular ?uid. Whereas, the extracellular fluid, maintains the regulation of both the composition and volume of ?uids surrounding the cells. The composition of both ?uid are maintained by,

1.Consumption of raw matter

2.Process of removal of waste products of the body, that cannot be preserved, destroyed or transferred, called excretion.

Excretion by Lungs

Oxygen is inhaled into the alveoli of the lungs by the nose and mouth. The deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery contains a large concentration of carbon dioxide, but it is oxygenated after passing through the capillaries surrounding the ...