HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B

Introduction

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global health problem, and it is estimated that about 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with the virus, more than 350 million people are sick.

The mechanism of transmission of infections is parenteral. Infection is a natural (sexual, vertical, home) and artificial (parenteral) routes. The virus is present in the blood and various body fluids - saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood and other contagious (contagious), hepatitis B virus infectivity than HIV 100 times (Abittan ,1999).

The highest value was used throughout this parenteral route - infection in the therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations involving violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes through the medical, dental, manicure and other instruments, transfusion of blood and blood products.

In recent years, more and more important in developed countries acquire sexual way of transmission of the virus that caused the first place, reducing the value of parenteral way (the appearance of a single instrument, the use of effective disinfectants , early detection of patients with donors), and secondly the so-called "sexual revolution" : frequent change of sexual partners, practicing anal intercourse, involving greater traumatization of the mucous membranes and, consequently, increased risk of getting the virus in the bloodstream. It is also possible infection by kissing, especially if there is damage to the mucous membrane of the lips and mouth healthy partner (erosions, ulcers, cracks, etc.). Distribution of drug abuse also plays a big role, as "intravenous" drug users are at high risk and, importantly, they are not an isolated group, and can easily enter into promiscuous unprotected sex with other people. Approximately 16-40% of sexual partners through unprotected sexual contact infected with the virus.

In everyday ways of infection Infection occurs when using a shared razors, blades, nail and bath accessories, toothbrushes, towels, etc. In this respect, any harmful micro skin or mucous membranes of the objects (or contact with injured skin (abrasions, cuts, cracks, skin inflammation, punctures, burns, etc.) or the mucous membranes), which has even trace amounts of people infected secretions (urine, blood, sweat, semen, saliva, etc.) and even in the dried form, inconspicuous to the naked eye. Cobrany data on the availability of domestic transmission of the virus is believed that if the family is the carrier of the virus, then all family members will be infected within 5-10 years.

Of great importance in countries with intensive circulation of the virus (high incidence) has a vertical path of the transmission when the mother infects the child, which is also implemented krovokontaktny mechanism. Usually a child is infected from an infected mother during childbirth as it passes through the birth canal. And of great importance to the condition of the infectious process in the body of the mother.Thus, a positive HBe-antigen , indirectly testifying to the high activity of the process, the risk of infection increases to 90%, whereas single positive HBs-antigen - the risk is no more than 20%.

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