HARVEST RAINWATER

To Harvest Rainwater across Brunel University's Campus

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwould take this opportunity to express gratitude my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this study would not have been possible. Especially my late father, whom I think of every day.

Table of Contents

SECTION 01: INTRODUCTION1

Introduction to Problem1

Introduction to RWH:2

Why is it used?3

Aim, target and study Questions3

General benefits from this Study:5

SECTION 02 - LITERATURE REVIEW7

Sustainable Development7

Sustainable Water Management in the UK9

The Effect on increased water demand10

Augmented flood occurrence14

Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUDS)14

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Systems15

Centralised or Decentralised16

Directly19

Pumped19

RW pumped directly from19

storage tank to appliances19

Indirectly19

Pumped19

RW pumped from storage19

tank to header tank, then19

gravity fed into supply19

Gravity Fed19

Storage tank located in19

roof space, supply provided via gravity19

RW System Water Quality21

Microbiological Consideration22

RWH Water value Guidelines and Standards22

RWH as a Sustainable Water Management Technique Tool:23

RWH for Stormwater Management23

RWH for Demand Management24

RWH Demand and Stormwater Management25

Ground-breaking and Experimental RWH System26

Rainwater harvesting systems30

Feasible Locations for Rainwater Harvesting Systems on Campus30

Areas for Surface Water Collection31

Design Proposal32

Method for investigation and design33

Design Statistics33

Sizing: utilising the intermediate approach34

Analyzing Rate of Runoff From the Roof Surface Using the Rational Method35

Collection of Rainwater36

Surface36

Pipework37

Filtration and treatment37

Storage: underground tank37

Design Considerations38

Financial implications38

Water quality issues39

Solid Debris39

Legionnaire's Disease39

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)40

Intestinal Enterococci40

Maintenance Plan41

Building for the Future41

Other Design Considerations44

Stormwater Harvesting: Sports park and pitches44

Green Roofs45

Gardening Water46

SECTION 3: PARAMETERS FOR BRUNEL47

Introduction47

Building Selection51

Application of Survey to select group in Isambard Complex: Shoreditch54

Missing rainfall data56

Initial rainfall level analysis56

Optimum number of clusters57

Small water reservoir (ndiva)59

Charco dam (lambo)60

Runoff canals (sasi)61

Ridges and borders61

Community and Social Value65

Ecological and Environmental Value66

Personal and Spiritual Value67

Practical and Commercial Value68

Property Value and financial Value68

SECTION 4: PROPOSED DESIGNS AND SURVEYS70

Introduction70

Number of clusters74

Range of mean annual precipitation and rainfall probability74

Tests of cluster results76

Analysis of potable water savings79

SECTION 5: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS81

Whead covering is rainfallfall water harvesting:81

Artifical recharge to ground water:81

Why rainfallfall water harvesting:82

Rain water harvesting techniques:86

SECTION 6: CONCLUSION AND FINAL WORD90

REFERENCES94

APPENDIX97

SECTION 01: INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Problem

Brunel University Campus composes of a vast amount of impermeable surface; this includes paved areas, access roads and buildings. It requires an extensive water resource system for its various buildings and their different purposes; these buildings include student halls of residence, kitchen and refractory, laboratories and bathrooms and therefore it is obligated to provide a clean water source suitable for potable drinking, cleaning and toilet flushing and to also provide sufficient disposal of wastewater.

The site has potential to reduce its overall carbon footprint by the implementation a rainwater harvesting system; this will provide a long-term sustainable benefit to the campus and subsequently the university by contributing to increasing the amount of recycled water compared to current values. A rainwater harvesting system optimizes the use of stormwaterby recycling it for non-potabledomesticuses thus reducing the amount of water required from a mains supply. [1]Sustainable development remains an important factor to the European Union; the strategy for sustainability clearly indicates that implementation of the water framework directive is essential for communities to achieve good environmental status by 2015 [4]

A sustainable water resource in communities is a growing concern; a purpose of the water framework directive is to “(b) ...