GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Optimized Distribution for Red Crescent Centers in (Mina) by using Geographic Information Systems

Optimized Distribution for Red Crescent Centers in (Mina) by using Geographic Information Systems

Introduction

Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) provide data and tools that are used extensively across ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology. Some fields in particular, such as landscape ecology and biogeography, have relied heavily and increasingly on sophisticated analyses afforded by these data and tools (Brown 2000, pp. 43).

Objectives and tasks of Red Crescent and Red Cross

To maintain a permanent and active organisation to relieve sickness, suffering or distress especially in the casualties of war irrespective, of race, class, creed or political considerations such organisation being capable of rapid mobilisation and effective expansion to meet the needs of war, disaster or other emergencies.

Uses of Geographic information systems (GIS) in services distribution

Basic Concepts of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems

Broadly, RS is the gathering and processing of data about the physical world by a device detecting electromagnetic energy that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. For example, the images in Google Earth are products of RS that provide information about vegetation and human uses of the land, such as agriculture, roads, and buildings (Broennimann 2007, pp.701). As such, RS is generally used to generate data that are often then imported into a GIS. A GIS is a collection of tools that provide the ability to capture, display, manage, and analyze most forms of spatial data that are geographically referenced to the Earth's surface (i.e., identified according to location).

An important feature in GIS is the ability to relate different types of information, such as remotely sensed vegetation images and maps of human population density, in a geospatial context to explore associations and relationships among these various types of information. Together, RS and GIS, along with other relatively recent tools, such as geographic positioning systems (GPS) and sophisticated spatial statistics, provide a powerful platform to advance our understanding of the natural world (Berry 1987, pp. 119). In this paper, we first describe RS and GIS in greater detail, and we then provide some examples of how they are used in ecology.

Remote Sensing

RS data provide real-time information about what is happening on our planet and can be used in a wide range of ecological studies. For example, it is now relatively easy to quantify deforestation rates across different ecosystems or even detect a fire in a remote area. RS uses theory developed in physics to measure electromagnetic energy emitted or reflected from distant objects (Batty 2003, pp. 81). Electromagnetic radiation/energy can be described in terms of a stream of photons, which are massless particles, each traveling in a wavelike pattern and moving at the speed of light. This radiation varies across a spectrum of different amounts of energy in photons and size and frequency of waves. RS applications typically use wavelengths that include the visible wavelengths (blue through red), the infrared, and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum ...