Gender Differences

Gender Differences

Introduction

Differences in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, exposure, and behavior between two genders are a foremost theme in biology, going beyond the plant and animal kingdoms. Until now distinctions due to gender have not attracted ample interest in human or animal toxicology/epidemiology. Generalizations are frequently made about species' reactions to xenobiotics, exclusive of data or deliberation of male/female differences (Gochfeld, 2007). In addition to gender differences, Greer claims that these differences are primarily cultural rather than biological. In particular, she sees masculinity as the natural state, the sex” and maleness as a cultural build, the gender. Since masculinity is cultural, in her view, she further claims that boys are raised differently than girls, which is problematic for both genders because raising boys differently creates the “myth” of masculinity and, ultimately, a “system” that promotes sexist behaviors (Greer, 1980, pp. 58-95).

For the purpose of this essay, I have taken inter-subjectivity as a psychological behavior in humans and animals. More specifically, the essay will try to assess the function intersubjectivity play in corporation between two different entities either in human or animals. Intersubjectivity is one of the important term employed in, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and psychology to conceptualize the emotional relation between two humans or animals. It is often employed in against to solipsistic entity experience, stressing our essentially social being. Research on dialogue has disclosed how language is extremely intersubjective. In case of humans, when one speak, one always deal his/her interlocutors, taking group perspective, and familiarizing to what one think about what group may or may not think (Linell, 2009). Within the dimensions of these studies, it has been stressed that the basis of language or the arrangement of individual symbols or signs are intersubjective (Gillespie, 2009) and that the emotional course of self-reflection involves intersubjectivity. Modern studies on mirror neurons presents proof for the intensely intersubjective basis of human psychology (Gillespie, 2007), and questionably much of the literature on theory of mind and empathy narrate straight to intersubjectivity. The study of intersubjectivity in humans and animals will provide important grounds for psychological analysis.

Discussion

Evidence

Intersubjectivity is one form of cognitive behavior which has not developed much in animals as compared to human among which it is highly established. In the context of psychology, the term refers to

the representing and sharing others' mentality. This entails desires, emotions, intentions as well as attentional foci. In the philosophical dialogue, it is generally referred to as “theory of mind” (Premack and Woodruff 1978; Tomasello 1999; Gärdenfors 2003).

Animals and humans exhibit intersubjectivity at different levels and stages. There are instances when animal's exhibits intersubjectivity in a form that is directly comparable to the humans. In contrast, there are also instances when animals did not show any form of intersubjectivity at all. For example, there are evidences which illustrate the goal-directed collaboration between some animals class. In the study of Boesch and Boesch-Achermann (2000), they highlights four different kinds of co-operation in wild chimpanzees after analyzing their hunting ...