Explanation of Two Questions

1: Marx Question

This section explain critically that in the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels present their views on history, the emergence of capitalism, the historical stages of the capitalist class's economic and social advance, as well as the revolutionary consequences of that advance.

Draper (pp. 45-67) mentions that in the preamble to the Manifesto, Marx and Engels announce their intention to dispel the myths about communism and to state its actual ideas and goals. Section I begins by emphasizing the historical importance of class and class struggle and then goes on to explain the rise of the bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production under capitalism). Marx and Engels argue that the bourgeoisie came to power as a result of a growing contradiction between the forces of production (including tools, technology, and the organization of production and exchange) and the relations of production (in particular, class structure) in feudal society. Even though the bourgeoisie has revolutionized society, expanded to all corners of the globe (Draper, pp. 45-67), and played a historically progressive role in developing the productive forces, they argue a similar contradiction is emerging in modern society, giving rise to regular economic crises that will eventually lead to the bourgeoisie's downfall at the hands of the proletariat (the class of wage laborers). Marx and Engels describe the development of the proletariat and explain why its economic and social position—concentrated in large workplaces and urban centers—makes it capable of playing a revolutionary role. They argue that the victory of the proletariat will bring about the end of class exploitation.

Section II starts by describing the relation of organized communists to the rest of the working class. According to Marx and Engels, communists do not set themselves up as rivals to other genuine working-class organizations, but are simply the most politically advanced and militant section of the workers' movement. The central idea of communism is the abolition of bourgeois private property (which is distinguished from the abolition of all property). After responding to various objections, Marx and Engels set out the program that might be implemented by a successful workers' revolution (Gasper, pp. 23-78), including the abolition of inheritance, the expansion of public ownership, and free education, all predicated on democratic control of the state. They predict that such a state of affairs will evolve into a communist society in which classes have disappeared, and “the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.”

Marx and Engels never slowed down to consider that the working class could improve the conditions of their system. From my point of view, the Communist Manifesto states that all land should be public. The Bourgeois are the owners of production, and they have the Proletariat working for them. They never thought about how the proletariat feels about working conditions. Marx and Engels never stopped to think that the capitalist state would compromise and provide pensions, insurance, and other measures of social support (Gasper, pp. 23-78).

One very important issue of the Communist ...