Evaluation of Environmental Impacts of Oil Exploration and Production in Southern Iraq after Iraqi Freedom Operation In 2003

by

List of Abbreviation

Abbreviation

Full Form

HIV

Human Immune Deficiency Virus

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

CEO

Chief Executive Officer

INOC

Iraqi National Oil Company

IPC

Iraq Petroleum Company

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

UN

United Nation

TPC

Turkish Petroleum Company

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

2.1 Introduction1

2.2 The Iraqi Energy Sector1

2.3 Oil Industry in Southern Iraq3

2.3.1 Overview of the Oil Industry6

2.3.2 The Iraqis New Oil Fields After 200311

2.4 The Environmental Impacts of Oil Exploration and Production in Southern Iraq After 200313

2.4.1 Environmental Impact13

2.4.1.1 Marshlands16

2.4.1.2 Agriculture18

2.4.2 Economic Impacts19

REFERENCES25

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The oil industry of Iraq has begun to establish since the early 1920s with production and exploration through various organizations, which performed their actions together with the TPC (Turkish Petroleum Company) which was later renamed to IPC (Iraq Petroleum Company). In 1966, the INOC (Iraqi National Oil Company) was created, and in 1975, the completion of nationalization of oil took place. The oil industry of Iraq was overwhelmed by conflicts, instability and wars which included the 1st and 2nd Gulf Wars, Iraq-Iran war, and international sanctions like the invasion of Kuwait which was followed by UN embargo, which now in a phase of improvement, new explorations and redevelopment of the oil sector of Iraq (Associated Press, 2003).

One of the founding members of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is Iraq, and it was the first country in the oil production and nationalizing its oil fields for other countries in the year 1961. The INOC (Iraq National Oil Company) of Iraq was known as the initial leader of the international oil policy. It can continue to be the leader of INOC in the future if the preference of the new government of Iraq thinks strategically. The previous dynamics of Iraq were changed due to the opportunity of Iraq to standardize its own foreign policy (Bache, Ian, Bulmer and George., 2011).

2.2 The Iraqi Energy Sector

Meeting the increasing demand for timely, accurate, and professional data on the energy sector of Iraq, Iraq energy was established on January 2008 which emphasized on the water, infrastructure, power and oil and gas industry sectors. In order to meet the country's development and reconstruction needs in the next ten years, the energy sector of Iraq has balanced for an enormous expansion (Alkadiri, Raad, 2002, pp. 253-273). The Iraq's energy sector is helping the country to position as a responsible, long-term, and reliable supplier to the oil and gas markets of the world (Frank, Jeffrey, and Punch, 2007). In the energy sector, the international and Iraqi experts are leaded by Iraq Energy groups that are drawn from the various fields which include banking and finance executives, academics and scholars, industry professionals, multinational and Iraqi corporations, policy advisers, and consultants (OPEC, 2001).

After 2003, there has been an immense change in Iraq which provided the completely new constitutional, political, and economic order. Iraq held itself responsible for the development of the resources that are rich in energy in those ways which give them the most advantageous balance between good oil field practice, development of ...