Euthanasia

Euthanasia

Introduction

The term euthanasia often elicits a variety of responses from individuals. The reactions may be related to one's understanding of what euthanasia is, one's experience with end-of-life decision making (Golden, 2005), one's religious or spiritual belief system, or any number of other factors. This review will attempt to clarify some of the definitions associated with different types of euthanasia, as well as present a historical perspective of the discourse on euthanasia in order to provide a context for the more current developments in the area (Haber, 2000). Attitudes toward euthanasia found across the major racial-ethnic groups within the United States will be explored. International perspectives on euthanasia legislation will also be discussed. Finally, some of the arguments for and against legalizing euthanasia are offered. However, the aim of this study is to define euthanasia amd mainly discuss the historical discourse about euthanasia. Interviews of experts are also included to get a better idea about the topic.

Terms and Definitions

Before beginning a discussion on euthanasia, it is helpful to review some of the terms that are often associated with this area. Euthanasia is derived from the Greek words “eu” and “thanatos” which literally mean “good death.” The term has come to mean bringing about a gentle and easy death. Active euthanasia entails an active intervention by a physician to end life. Passive euthanasia is deliberately withdrawing or withholding medical treatment that would help the person live longer (this may or may not involve the intention of hastening death). (Golden, 2004) Examples of this are removing a feeding tube or withdrawing artificial life support interventions. Voluntary euthanasia is euthanasia that is performed at the request of the person who dies. Involuntary euthanasia is ending the life of an able person without her or his consent or against the person's will. Nonvoluntary euthanasia is ending the life of a person (Hendlin, 1998) who is not able to give permission. The individual who carries out the euthanasia may do so for the other person's “best interests.” Physician-assisted suicide is closely related to voluntary euthanasia, but the physician only prescribes rather than administers a lethal drug to the person.

Overview of the Historical Discourse about Euthanasia

Prior to World War II, perspectives on euthanasia were significantly influenced by ancient Greek practices and discourse. Euthanasia is generally understood as a hastening of one's own death and thus was often discussed in terms of suicide. Even in ancient Greece there was some disagreement about the acceptability of euthanasia and suicide. Some argued that suicide is an offense against the state and one's family. On the other hand, there also was an ideal espousing the perfect balance between physical and mental well-being, which was used as a foundation for tolerating euthanasia. Aristotle and Plato endorsed a form of eugenics in order to ensure an optimal state with the worthiest citizens (Haber, 2000). Furthermore, in areas of ancient Greece in which the state allowed suicide, individuals who sought official permission to take their lives were supplied with poison by the local ...