EU ENFORCEMENT POLICY

EU ENFORCEMENT POLICY

EU ENFORCEMENT POLICY

Answer A

Introduction to European Union Commission

The EU is a representative body that has 27 state members across Europe. Research and innovation contribute directly to its level of prosperity, and the main goal of the policies of its institutions in the field is to establish the EU as a leading knowledge-based economy. The EU (European Commission) and nanotechnologies research under the EU form a significant application of these policies, under the general framework of the Lisbon agenda. Furthermore, the societal dimension of European treaty article is put forward as an integral part of an integrated, responsible, and safe approach, promoted by the European Commission and the European Parliament.

The action plan for 2005 to 2009 was published about a year later, on June 7, 2005. The shorter document explains in greater detail the actions proposed by the previous document, stating, at the insistence of the council and various stakeholders, the need to integrate the societal dimension in order to address expectations and concerns about new technologies. Integration of health, safety, and environmental aspects, as well as the need for an effective dialogue with all stakeholders are described as essential elements of the responsible strategy the commission sought to develop. (Randall, 2000, p.132)

The use of ethical review was put into a privileged position and the integration of ethical concerns, innovation research, and social sciences into the EU (European Commission) and European treaty article R&D was seen as a way to build confidence in decision making related to governance of the sector. The implementation of this last action plan was reported in 2007. In the meantime, international competition increased markedly, once again challenging progress in Europe. Shortages became apparent—the lack of private investments and of leading interdisciplinary infrastructures, as well as the difficulties in understanding the responsibility of researchers within an ethical framework. Insights about specific hazards associated with European treaty article were highlighted by researchers, and the need to strengthen European capabilities in this area was strongly noted. Around this time, a new regulation was adopted by the European Union and its commission.

This regulation contains no specific rules concerning European treaty article or nonmaterial's, but also does not exclude it from its scope. During examination of this regulation, the Environment Committee of the European Parliament clearly expressed concerns that, despite growing scientific evidence for the potential toxicity of nanoparticles, this rapidly expanding industrial sector is beyond the scope of regulations. According to some experts, REACH should have included provisions to guarantee the basic safety of nanoparticles, and a review clause that would provide for further controls once more information about potential hazards associated with manufactured nonmaterial becomes available. This omission was still criticized in the 2009 resolutions of the European Parliament. At the same time as this first implementation report, new concrete actions were undertaken by the European Commission. (Evans, 2001, p.23)

Consequences of Breach

The Court of Justice did not inflict any sort of penalty on France related to the Article 228 ...