DNA



DNA

Introduction

This paper discusses the impact of ionization radiation on DNA and to determine the reason due to which this might cause cancer. DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) is considered as the most important molecule present in the body and is considered as the fundamental blue print for all structures in the body. The DNA blue print is fixed in the form of long sequence in each cell as a sequence of small molecules (Stiff et al, 2004).

They are linked together in the form of chain similar like letters in a telegram. DNA molecules are considered as long chain of atoms which are present around proteins and packed as a structure called as chromosomes in the nucleus of the cells. If they are measured in a single human cell than they are considered to be 2 meters long. It exists as 23 pairs of packed chromosomes and has a diameter of 10 micrometers.

Effect of ionizing radiation on DNA

Ionizing radiation can be defined as a mechanism which ionizes, i.e. drives an electron out of its orbit, present around the nucleus of atom. As a result electrical charges are formed on molecules and atoms. When this electron comes out of DNA or neighboring molecule it results in disruption of the DNA molecule, this effect collectively is known as direct action. This ionization effect is quick and takes place 0.000000000000001 of a second. It is estimated that at present tow thirds damage is caused by x-rays is due to indirect action. This phenomenon occurs when the electrons don't strike the DNA directly rather strikes as an ordinary water molecule. The water molecule is ionized and is produced as a free radical. This free radical reacts strongly along with other molecules as it re-establishes stable configuration of electrons. Free radical is able to drift 10,000,000,000 times more than the initial ionization although this ionization time is also short and there is an increased chance of disrupting DNA molecule. The possibility of other substances also increases to be introduced which can neutralize free radicals before they damage.

At present, an increased theory is required on the crucial role of radiation on the genetic structure of cells, abnormalities in the structure of DNA and the chromosomes of the nucleus. DNA is a unique cell structure which is most sensitive to radiation and damages the entire cell, and even future generations. When irradiated by the direct and indirect effects ...