Differences in Management and Management system in Europe comparing with in two different continents Asia and America

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would first like to express my gratitude for my research supervisor, colleagues, and peers and family whose immense and constant support has been a source of continuous guidance and inspiration.

DECLARATION

I [type your full first names & surname here], declare that the following dissertation/thesis and its entire content has been an individual, unaided effort and has not been submitted or published before. Furthermore, it reflects my opinion and take on the topic and is does not represent the opinion of the University.

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ABSTRACT

In this continuous changing business environment, organisations have come to realise the importance of inclusion of diversified workforce. Therefore, diversity management has become a real challenge for global managers. Leaders in different organisations have different psyche and approach when it comes to playing a leadership role within the organisational contexts. This dissertation highlights and addresses different problems related to style of management and leadership within the organisations, working in three different continents - namely America, Europe and Asia. The first chapter provides an introduction to the topic. The second chapter presents the literature review. The methodology is covered in third chapter while findings are presented in fourth chapter. The fifth chapter concludes the dissertation, providing useful recommendations for future research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI

DECLARATIONII

ABSTRACTIII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study1

Problem Statement3

Aims and Objectives of the Study3

Research Questions4

Hypotheses Development4

Rationale of the Study5

Significance of the Study5

Limitations of the Study5

Ethical Concerns6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW7

Theoretical Framework of the Study7

Culture and its Characteristics7

Cultural Framework and Managerial Practices13

Cross-cultural Training16

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY17

Research Approach17

Research Design17

Sample of Participants18

Data Collection18

Instrument19

Interview Protocol21

Trustworthiness and Credibility of Qualitative Data21

Validity and Reliability of Quantitative Data21

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS23

Data Analysis23

Pretest23

Quantitative Data Result24

Descriptive Statistics of Value Survey Module26

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation29

Rating of Cultural Factors32

Comparing rating of cultural factors33

Training in Cultural Factors38

Research and Analysis43

Hypotheses Testing45

Summary55

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AD CONCLUSION56

Discussion of Findings56

Summary62

Conclusion62

Limitations of the Study65

Implications for Future Research66

Recommendations68

REFERENCES69

APPENDIX A73

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE73

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

When expanding into international markets, many hotel chains employ expatriate managers. An expatriate manager is one who lives and works in a country other than his or her own (Harris, 2011, 44). One of the challenges facing expatriate managers when functioning overseas is cross-cultural interaction. As suggested by scholars, the very basic rule for cross-cultural interaction is to respect the differences of the people from other cultural backgrounds (Handy, 2008, 71). However, when interacting with and managing local employees, respecting without understanding the culture of local employees is not enough. A manager needs to comprehend the employees from different cultures as well as understand the impacts of these cultural differences on the managerial practices.

Cross-cultural training refers to programmes designed to prepare expatriate managers to live and work in a culture other than their own. These programmes have been proven to be an effective approach in helping managers understands the people from other cultural backgrounds, and to manage effectively when assigned overseas (Hall, 2009, 60).

Competition has shifted from local to a global level. Furthermore, several international political events, such ...