Diagnosis of PTSD in Children who were affected by September 11, 2001

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CHAPTER # 01: INTRODUCTION1

Background of the Study1

Bandura's Learning Theory3

Diagnosis Patterns of Complex Trauma6

Screening Instruments of Complex trauma Validation7

Screening Tools for Complex Trauma8

Problem Statement13

Aim of the Study14

Significance of the study14

Definition of Terms15

Research Questions15

The Nature of Study15

Outline of the Study16

References18

CHAPTER # 01: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Children are the most precious and innocent creatures of Nature. The sight of their innocent smile makes a person feel the world in lighter way (Richard & Karen, 2001). This innocence and carefree nature is one of the many things that differs them from adults. Their psychology, physiology, emotional state, the way of tackling the problems, everything has different aspects. Success of any nation can be determined by their young generation that how much they are keen about the progress of their nation and which efforts they are making at their own place. The attack of September 11'2001, on World Trade Center affected almost everybody in the world, especially the residents of New York even if none of their family members died. Due to the attack, people lost their sense of security. Particularly, they live in fear, they lose the chance of seeing their loved ones again, and the way they look at thing also changed (Chemtob, Conroy, Hochauser, Laraque, Banks, Schmeidler, & Landrigan, 2007). In this table it is clearly mentioned that the percentage of PTSD is much higher in people who lost their loved ones as compared to those who did not.

Disasters can lead to ongoing economic burden, property damage, and extensive loss of life. The human design caused the 9/11 attacks, which killed thousands of civilians as well as disrupted the economy of United States of America badly. More than three thousand of lives were lost within minutes, impacting the large network of individuals who knew the victims. According to national studies that were conducted after the 9/11 attacks, it was suggested that between four to eleven percent of the adult population of United States of America, knew someone who was killed in the 9/11 attacks (Schlenger et al., 2002; Silver, Holman, McIntosh, Poulin & Gil-Rivas, 2002). The psychological sequel of disaster related loss, that was experienced by the people due to the attacks of 9/11was characterized only by few investigators (Galea et al., 2002; Silver et al., 2002). Whereas previous studies suggests that one of the most psychologically harmful experiences of human was an unexpected loss by the malicious violence (Pfefferbaum et al., 2001). Especially the children of that time (9/11) affected badly, because they wouldn't be able to understand that sudden scenario that took away thousands of lives in a second. The children who were present at the time of the towers, Pentagon, or PA events remember the blood, destruction, screams of wounded individuals or the person who got to know that he or she won't be able to meet his or her loved one again. This whole situation left very bad impact on the innocent ...