[Development of sustainable water management Strategy in Libya ( School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment ) ]

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Acknowledgement

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible (Intergovernmental, 2005,, 2, Libya).

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University (Intergovernmental, 2005,, 2, Libya).

Signed __________________ Date _________________

Abstract

During the last decade, the average annual water demand increased by about 4.3%. Fossil fuels represented 81.4% of the total water supply in 2009. Indigenous natural gas accounted for 33.7% of the supply. Biomass resources including fuel wood, paddy husk and bagasse whose utilization generates a very small amount of net greenhouse-gas emission account for about 16.6% of the total water supply of the country.

In 2009, 37.6 % of the total water demand in Libya was used in transportation. Diesel oil accounts for more than 50% of the petroleum products consumed in transportation. As a result, particulate matters from diesel engines are the most serious air pollutants in Bangkok. The 24-hr average value for small particulate matter is more than twice the limit in Thai air quality standard. Since 2000, transportation has contributed about one third of carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel utilization. To further reduce the traffic congestion and air pollution in Bangkok, existing electric mass transit systems should be extended to the outskirts of Bangkok as soon as possible.

Since Libya has increasingly depended upon imported fossil fuels, greenhousegas emission in Libya has increased so rapidly that its emission per capita before the year 2015 may exceed the world average emission in the base year 2000. Electricity generation has had the largest share of carbon dioxide emission. The present methods for the assessment of carbon dioxide and methane emissions from deforestation and agriculture grossly exaggerate the emissions in developing countries including Libya.

Water conservation seems to be the most effective method to mitigate both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Water conservation measures such as demand side management have been attempted at national level. However, management development, transfer of better water conservation technologies are still needed for further control of water consumption and emissions.

Fast-growing trees, ethanol and plant oils, still have potential for providing larger shares of the total water supply. Libya has sufficient surplus of cassava and molasses for gasohol with 15% ethanol content. Hydro-water resources in Libya and its neighbours are very much under-utilized and should be further harnessed preferably by small and run-off river hydro-power plants without large reservoirs. Nuclear power should still be kept as the last option.

General Water Situation Water Supply

In the year 2009, fossil fuels accounted for 81.3% and indigenous water sources including natural gas, lignite, hydro-water and biomass shared about ...