Design of an Economically Viable Process of Generating Electricity from Municipal Solid Waste (House Waste) in Nigeria.

by

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University (Bardhan, 2001, 467).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION6

1.1 Problem Statement6

1.2 Rationale of the Study8

1.3 Background8

1.4 Scope of the Study9

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW10

2.1 Solid Waste Management in Nigeria10

2.2 Environmental Benefits and Impacts12

2.3 The Role of Technology14

2.4 Incinerating Method14

2.4.1 Calculation of average energy from incineration vs. recycling15

2.4.2 Estimates of energy generated by incinerating MSW16

2.4.3 Estimates of production energy conserved by recycling16

2.5 Generating Electricity17

2.5.1 Methods To Generate Electricity17

2.6 Steps in Transforming Waste Into Electricity18

2.6.1 Organic Waste Drains to Digester18

2.6.2 Waste Releases Methane Gas18

2.6.3 Biogas Pumped through Gas Valve19

2.6.4 Combustion of Biogas19

2.7 How to turn trash into energy and offset emissions19

2.8 Process of Generating Electricity Through Incineration Method19

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY21

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION23

4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Characterization23

4.2 Municipal Solid Waste Collection23

4.3 Waste acceptance at the landfill23

4.4 Estimation of landfill gas generation24

4.5 Electricity Generation Potential25

4.6 Views26

CHAPTER 5: GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE27

5.1 Applicability of Incineration27

5.2 Institutional Framework27

5.3 The Waste Sector28

5.4 Planning Application Requirements29

5.5 Key Issues29

5.5.1 Plant Siting29

5.5.2 Traffic30

5.5.3 Air Emissions / Health Effects30

5.5.4 Dust / Odour30

5.5.5 Flies, Vermin and Birds31

5.5.6 Noise31

5.5.7 Litter31

5.5.8 Water Resources31

5.5.9 Design Principles and Visual Intrusion32

5.5.10 Size and Landtake32

5.6 Environmental Impact Assessment33

5.7 Licensing/Permitting33

5.8 Cost Of The Project33

5.8.1 Economics and Finance35

5.9 Recycling36

5.10 Incineration Advantages36

5.11 Incineration Disadvantages37

5.12 Project Cycle37

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION39

References40

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study is to design of an Economically Viable Process of Generating Electricity from Municipal Solid Waste (House Waste) in Nigeria. Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants tend to be among the most expensive solid waste management options, and they require highly skilled personnel and careful maintenance. For these reasons, incineration tends to be a good choice only when other, simpler, and less expensive choices are not available. Incineration is an efficient way to reduce the waste volume and demand for landfill space. Incineration plants can be located close to the center of gravity of waste generation, thus reducing the cost of waste transportation. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is waste collected by or on behalf of a local authority. It comprises mostly household waste and it may include some commercial and industrial wastes. Historically, nationally the quantity of MSW has risen year on year, presenting a growing problem for local authorities particularly as legislation, now limits (by implication) the amount of mixed MSW that can be sent to landfill, comes into effect, becomes more stringent over time.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement

Solid wastes could be defined as non-liquid and nongaseous products of human activities, regarded as being useless. It could take the forms of refuse, garbage and ...