CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology

Criminology

Introduction

Criminology is a multidisciplinary science which bases its foundations in knowledge within the sociology, psychology and social anthropology, taking to this conceptual framework that defines the criminal law. Criminology studies the causes of crime and recommends remedies antisocial behavior of man. Criminological research areas include the incidence and forms of crime and its causes and consequences. They also collect social reactions and government regulations regarding the crime. The name of this science was first used by French anthropologist Paul Topinard. In 1885, the Italian professor of law Rafael Garofalo coined the term. Despite being a recent science and have been questioned as to their disciplinary autonomy and independence, modern criminology has reached its scientific and social identity through:

1.A transparent definition of the two objects of study (deviance and social control).

2. The coherent and integrated management study methods from social sciences and positive.

Currently, four methods are known to know what circumstances cause a person to commit a crime, which are a direct understanding with the offender, medical examination, psychological examination (data on personality) and social survey (medium in which the person develops). From the mid- twentieth century, presents a paradigm shift in criminological science fixing his attention on the processes of criminalization, in the social environment, but also studies the victim. It is an empirical science, interdisciplinary study that deals with crime, the person of the offender, the victim and the social control of criminal behavior, and tries to provide a valid, proven, on the origins, dynamics and key variables crime, provided it as an individual problem and as a social problem as well as effective prevention programs of the same, the techniques of positive intervention in the male offender and the various models and systems to respond to crime.

Criminological positivism alone is a reaffirmation of the predisposition of humans on their inherent characteristics as a human, based on the complexion, sex, height, etc., so if the individual is predisposed to commit big crimes such as rape or murder culpable, if thin to commit crimes of passion or crimes related to property, for example. Their heavy dependence on the medicine for the explanation of criminal causes is evident, as in his time it was phrenology. It is necessary to clarify that this type of criminology is ruled out since the late 90's for its lack of hard evidence as a "science" viable in explaining the crime (Barak 2008, 90).

The theories attempting to explain the factors "causes" of crime fall into two types: biological and social. Biological theories hold that the factors are provided in the individual, the land on which the work environment, so that the social only be levied on the form and frequency of crime. Sociological theories, however, give absolute or prime importance to external factors or social and have little value for the individual (men born equal, be good or bad according to the environment in which to live and grow).

For this for a long time, speaking of criminology endogenous and exogenous factors (internal and external) ...