CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice

Hawthorne Effect

Individual behaviour can be modified, since they know they are being studied was demonstrated in a research project (1927 - 1932) of the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. This series of research, first conducted by Harvard Business School professor Elton May together with partners FJ Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson began by examining the influences of physical and environmental in the workplace (e.g. brightness of lights, humidity) and subsequently moved to the psychological aspects (e.g., breaks, group pressure, the hours of work, managerial leadership). The ideas that the team developed on the social dynamics of groups at work had lasting influence - the collection of data, labour-management relations, and informal interaction between employees of the factory.

The main conclusion of the study was that almost regardless of the experimental manipulation employed, the output of the workers seemed to improve. A reasonable conclusion is that workers are happy to receive the attention of researchers who have expressed an interest in them. The study is expected to last only one year, but because the researchers were set back every time we tried to relate the physical handling of the efficiency of the worker, the project was extended to five years. (Martha, 2001, 58)

Participant Observation

It is a methodology widely used in many disciplines, including cultural anthropology, but sociology, communication studies and social psychology. Its aim is to achieve a close and intimate familiarity with a certain group of individuals (e.g., religious, occupational, or sub-cultural group or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment, usually over a prolonged period. The method originated in the field of social anthropologists, especially Bronislaw Malinowski and his students in United Kingdom, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and urban research of the Chicago School of sociology. (Harris, 2005, 6)

In anthropology, participant observation is organized to produce a kind of writing called ethnography. A basic principle of the method is that one can not only observe, but must find a role within the group from which they observed to participate in some way, but only as "outsiders." Open participant observation, therefore, is limited to contexts in which the object of study and includes permitting. Critics of the participant observation study says later argue that only public opinion fronts socially constructed by actors. Gate-keeping to ensure that research is never known racks, making surreptitious strategies necessary especially when the studies on the government or criminal organizations. (Whitehill, 1962, 311)

Secondary Source Analysis

This terminology is used in library and information science, historiography and other areas of scholarship. The term secondary source is a document or record that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. Secondary sources include simplification, investigation, fusion, explanation, or assessment of the original information. Primary and secondary are comparative expressions, and some resources may be categorized as primary or secondary, based on how it is used. An even higher level, the tertiary source, like a secondary source that contains analysis, but ...