COUNSELLING METHODS

Counselling Methods: Cognitive-Behavioural and People-Centred Therapy

Counselling Methods: Cognitive-Behavioural and People-Centred Therapy

Introduction

Counselling is a type of psychological support (along with the psycho-correction, psychotherapy, psychological trainings, etc.), separated from the therapy. According to R. Nelson-Jones, psychological counselling, in essence, is the kind of relationship with. Counselling appeared, substantially filled with a variety of theories of psychological and psychotherapeutic and philosophical, social, psychological, and actually becomes as the advisory. The emergence of theories of psychological counselling is influenced by socio-historical (especially the social organization and social problems of time in which lives the creator of the theory, the changes in society, etc.) and cultural factors (differences in cultures, which created the theory). The creators of the theories often create their own theories, solving its own problems, while expressing or reflecting their own individuality, with a strong interest in the recording and transmission of ideas.

In the current scenario, there are several theories used for counselling. However, a lot of theories have emerged over time. Thus, one of the famous theories which have done wonders in counselling of people is the Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy. Another theory that is given high respect in the counselling world is that people-centred therapy.

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy a psychological, talking-based therapy that is in widespread use in the UK and North America for a variety of disorders (e.g. Depression, panic and obsessive compulsive disorder). Its origin is credited to Aaron Beck (1960s), who noted his depressed patients' thinking (i.e. Cognitions) was prone to distortion, misinterpretation or error. The assumption of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy is that how a person perceives events (e.g. Thoughts about bodily sensations in the case of panic) is associated with psychological distress and maladaptive behaviour. Thus, Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy assumes a relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviour. Szentagotai (2006), argues that cognitive Behavioural Therapy models of psychopathology incorporate behavioural principles of learning (e.g. Escaping from a feared event in phobia) to explain why the condition might persist. However, the phrase 'cognitive-behavioural' emerged during the 1970s as a result of the convergence of two previously separate approaches or schools in psychology.

The basic tenets of behaviourism, initially stated in 1913 by American psychologist, John B. Watson (1878-1958), rejected the pervasive mentalism of that period and its core method, introspection. Watson asserted that, in order to become properly scientific, psychology should focus on external events that could be directly observed, with data corroborated by independent observers. Watson also emphasized learning as a pre-eminent factor in human development, proposing that the phenomenon of conditioning, discovered by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), provided a mechanism capable of explaining the acquisition and establishment of complex behaviour patterns. Subsequently behaviourism, in its progressive transformations, became a dominant force in psychology. Discussion of internal, unobservable 'states of mind' or experience was regarded as suspect; in its most radical form, behaviourism avoids the use of any hypothetical entities or constructs. Lawyer, Normandin, & Roberts, (2007), stated that the application of learning-based models and procedures led later to the advent of behaviour modification, in which behavioural change is ...