CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Control and coordination

Introduction1

Discussion1

Nervous system1

Classification1

The central nervous system2

The peripheral nervous system2

Neurons3

Structure3

Classification of neurons4

Sensory neurons4

Structure5

Dendrites5

Cell body5

Axon and axon terminals5

Special features5

Motor neurons5

Structure5

Dendrites5

Cell body6

Axon & motor end plates6

Special features6

Interneuron6

Neural impulses7

Synapse7

Transmission of impulses7

Polarization of the neuron's membrane7

Generation of Action potential8

Repolarziation8

Hyperpolarization8

Refractory period9

The synaptic cleft9

Other body parts10

Opening of the calcium gates10

Neurotransmitter's release10

Binding of neurotransmitter10

Excitation or inhibition11

Reflex Arc11

Structure and Functions11

Classification12

Spinal cord12

Structure13

Regions13

Dermatome14

Tracts of the spinal cord15

Brain15

Hindbrain16

Cerebrum16

Thalamus17

Hypothalamus17

Cerebellum17

Limbic system18

Brain stem18

Mid brain18

Pons18

Medulla oblongata18

Human eye18

Structure and associated Functions19

Formation of the image21

Human ear21

Structure of the Ear22

Pinna23

Ear canal23

Middle ear23

Ear drum23

Functions of the middle ear24

Inner Ear24

Cochlea24

Function25

Role of ear in balance25

Bone25

The structure25

Gross anatomy of bones26

Difference between compact and spongy bone27

Osseous tissue presence27

Strength and surface area28

Structure and composition28

Weight28

Human skeletal system29

Bones of the head29

Facial bones29

Bones of the ribs29

Bones of spine30

Pelvic bones30

Bones of shoulders and arms (upper extremities)30

Bones of the legs (lower extremities)31

Muscular system31

Gross structure of muscles31

Smooth muscles:33

Cardiac muscles33

Striation33

Nucleation34

Voluntary and involuntary actions34

Myogenicity34

Aerobic requirement34

Myosin34

T tubules presence34

Distribution35

Joint35

Classification36

Structural classification36

Functional classification36

Anatomical classification37

Role of actin and myosin filaments in contraction38

References39

Control And Coordination

Introduction

The human body is composed of a complex set of muscles and organs which makes up different systems. These organ systems are performing different duties to keep the body in proper shape. In order to maintain the coordination and control of the body, the three most important systems are the skeletal system, nervous system and the muscular system. These systems when work in close coordination can make the mobility possible and feasible.

Discussion

Nervous system

Nervous system is the basic system involved in control and coordination of the body mechanisms. It works in close association with the other body organs and the integrated system results in perfect and accurate body responses. Nervous system is responsible in controlling all the voluntary and involuntary actions of the human body (Starr, McMillan, 2012, p 110).

Figure 1: The human nervous system (source: http://www.google.co.uk)

Classification

The nervous system is classified into two parts depending upon the type of action they perform. These are (Starr, McMillan, 2012, p 110)

The central nervous system

The peripheral nervous system

The central nervous system

This part of the nervous system has two basic components, brain and the spinal cord. the brain is enclosed in the cranium while the spinal cord is present inside the vertebral column in the human body (Bailey, 2011). Figure 2: Central nervous system (source: http://www.tutorvista.com)

The peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system has a vast number of nerve fibers that connect all the systems of the body with the central nervous system. It consists of two further divisions. These are (King, 2009)

Sympathetic nervous system: this system works with the fight and flight response mechanisms(Bailey, 2011).

Parasympathetic nervous system: it deals with the functions like feeding, rest, digestion, sexual arousal, urination, lacrimation and vice versa (King, 2009)

Both of the systems work in opposition but in a complementary method.

Figure 3 Parasympathetic nervous system (source:http://www.google.co.uk)

Neurons

Neurons are the basic route for transferring signals in the nervous system. They are also known as nerve cells. These are also known as the building blocks of the human nervous system. The overall system of the neuron can be described in the most precise way as the messengers that take input, process information and generate ...