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Chips used in Microarray

A DNA chip is a solid surface to which are attached a series of DNA fragments. Surfaces used to fix the DNA are highly variable and may be glass, plastic and even silicon. DNA chips are used to analyze the differential expression of genes, monitor levels of thousands of them simultaneously. Its operation is essentially to measure the level of hybridization between the probe, and the target molecule, indicated by fluorescence and analyzed by image analysis, which indicates the level gene expression. It is often used to identify genes with different expression under different conditions. For example, to identify genes that cause certain diseases by comparing expression levels between healthy cells and cells that is developing certain types of diseases.

DNA chips

In DNA chips, single channel tests are designated parts of a sequence known or predicted mRNAs. These chips DNAs give estimates of expression level, but different conditions cannot be observed in the same array, so that each condition has to use a chip. Main Idea probes are synthesized on chip. The chips are not based on competitive hybridization. This means, a chip is a sample. The sequences are built on the chip surface by sequential elongation of a growing chain with a single nucleotide using photolithography (Bray, 120).

• Affymetrix is the leading company in these chips.

• It is generically called "Gene Chips".

• Each gene represented by a set of short sequences that characterize it.

• Some chips: complete genomes of more than 50,000 groups of probes.

DNA Biotechnology

First, the DNA responsible for a distinct phenotype is identified and isolated. Once purified, the gene or genes are fused, with other pieces of DNA, to form recombinant DNA molecule. These are propagated (gene cloning) by insertion into an organism that need not even be in the same kingdom as the actual gene donor. Recombinant DNA technology opens up totally new areas of research and applied biology. DNA micro arrays and bio chips are a two-dimensional array of material which allows automation simultaneously thousands of trials necessary deeper insight into the structure and how our genetic endowment both at different stages of development as patient's disease.

Some promising trends of development intended to eliminate the step of amplification displays and even the integration of all (Lab-on-a chip operations in a single device (Lab-on-a chip or LOAC). In this sense, the main engines of the new generation of micro arrays and bio chips ...