BREAST CANCER

Breast Cancer

Abstract

In this study we try to explore the concept of “breast cancer” in a holistic context. The main focus of the research is on “breast cancer” and its relation with “pregnancy”. The research also analyzes many aspects of “breast cancer” and tries to gauge its effect on “pregnancy”. Finally the research describes various factors which are responsible for “breast cancer” and tries to describe the overall effect of “breast cancer” on “pregnancy”.

Table of Contents

ABSTRACTII

INTRODUCTION1

Background1

Breast cancer and pregnancy1

Purpose and Method4

Patients4

Statistical analysis5

Statistical analysis5

Time of pregnancy5

ER status5

Lymph node (LN) involvement6

TUMOR SIZE6

RESULTS6

CONCLUSION7

REFERENCES8

Manuscript for breast cancer

Introduction

Background

There is controversy whether pregnancy affects risk of recurrence after treatment for early breast cancer. Although several studies have suggested a neutral or even beneficial effect, (Beadle BM, 2009; Blakely LJ, 2004) there is an ongoing concern regarding the potential negative impact of pregnancy due to stimulatory effects of estrogen on tumor growth? This is a complex area to evaluate prospectively; however, the prospects of infertility and future childbearing remain critical issues for survivors. We have undertaken a retrospective study to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on the subsequent recurrence after treatment of early breast cancer.

Breast cancer and pregnancy

Hormones play a crucial role in the etiology of breast cancer is postulated that exposure to high-hormone levels, as in pregnancy can affect the breast tissue and increase the risk of malignancy, particularly in women having their first pregnancy after age 35.

It is well established that women with a first pregnancy at an early age the risk of breast cancer decreases, but there is no consensus as to the subsequent pregnancies. For some authors, the birth of two or more children per se exerts a protective effect, while others argue that there is an inverse relationship between gestational age and risk of breast cancer (Bergkvist, Adami, and Persson, 1989).

It is also found that in the period immediately following each pregnancy and in pregnancies of women with higher age at last birth, the risk of breast cancer increases, for an indefinite but temporary.

Pregnancy can exert influence in this direction opposed, on the one hand, a negative effect of increasing the growth of cancer cells and other hidden protective effect mediated by the differentiation of cells that are resistant or less naive to malignant transformation.

This hypothesis of the dual effect of pregnancy was tested in various researches and is supported by experimental data, but then none of them was considered a sufficient amount of data extension to high to provide probability (Campagnoli, Ambroggio, Biglia, Sismondi 1999).

These findings confirm the predictions of the pathogenesis of breast cancer derived from theoretical models and epidemiological evidence, although fragmentary converges at this point.

Using a mathematical model, some authors relate the hormonal changes that occur at different stages of the life of a woman with breast tissue abnormalities and the risk of breast cancer. Applying this same model, others found a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in the period immediately following the first pregnancy.

Pregnancy leads to structural changes in breast tissue, both transient and permanent as ...