BIOLOGY

Biology



Q1)

Somatosensory system

The proprioceptive system is part of a larger system known as the somatosensory system, which incorporates and processing different types of sensory information, such as proprioceptive (information from muscles and tendons that determines the position of limbs and body), kinesthesia (awareness of movement and position of joints), kinesthesia (a concept related to kinesthesia or proprioception and the relation of this), exteroception (touch, deep pressure, pain, temperature) and interoception (perception of visceral sensations). The somatosensory system is one model that develops early in human beings, and its known functions is the processing of all inputs and relates directly to the development of our body schema and the process of praxis (for its important role in feedback). Additional features include learning and implementing actions Motor.

The common principles of this system enhance the importance of the proprioceptive system as a key element in development. For example, an appropriate proprioceptive input is important for the development of muscle tone (postural tone) and the proper conduct of muscle action. Propius proprioception comes from Latin, meaning "belongs to him." Defining proprioception has brought a number of different interpretations depending on where we want to obtain information from the field of neuroscience to books pertaining to our practice.



Neuro-physiological Aspects

Proprioception is mediated by mechanoreceptors scattered throughout the body. They are located in muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and skin tissue:

In the muscle, specifically in the muscle spindle, sensitive to stretch, strain and vibration.

In the tendon, the Golgi tendon organ is sensitive to stress.

Into the joint through joint receptors are sensitive to joint movement and pressure.

In the skin, skin receptors, such as Markel discs (distortion of the skin), meisner's corpuscles (texture and vibration), ruffini endings (skin stretch and joint movement) and pacinian corpuscles (vibration)

Nephron Function

The basic function of the nephron is to purify the blood plasma of unusable catabolites. The substances removed are predominantly products of metabolism such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, sulfate, and phenols. In addition, non-metabolizable materials that accumulates in excessive amounts in the body (sodium ions or potassium chloride). The debug nephron plasma of these substances by a mechanism that can be schematized as follows:

approximately one fifth of the plasma that passes through the glomeruli filters through the glomerular membrane,

The filtrate passes into the tubules in which substances that the body can use (glucose, amino acids, water and many electrolytes), return to the peritubular capillaries and not reabsorbed useless. There is thus a selective tubular re-absorption

Because effective filtration pressure in the kidney (24 mm Hg) is substantially higher than the capillary filtration pressure in other parts of the body, renal filtration rate is very high. Most hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries is conditioned by some peculiarities of the renal circulation. Firstly, the short length and large diameter of the renal arteries, these arise at right angles directly from the aorta, which explains the small difference in pressure between the aorta and renal capillaries cough. Second, the high resistance is the flow of blood in the capillaries of the ...