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Biology

Investigating the role of Ciz1 in nuclear reprogramming and cardiovascular differentiation

Introduction

There are many techniques to nuclear reprogram somatic cells, for instance, nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and cell reprogramming. First technique, nuclear transplantation, which is also known as nuclear cloning, given evidence for the aspect that any irreversible mentoring of the genome are not necessary for the development of normal aspects. Cloning from the critically changed donor cells is therefore considered to be inefficient and was in many aspects considered to be a positive approach only when a two step process is followed which includes the number of cloned ES cells as a starting point. The second method which is the epigenetic reconstruction of the somatic nuclei with a UN changed state has been shown in the murine hybrids that were created by the fusion of somatic cells with embryonic cells. In the end, the reconstruction by the considered transcription aspects to form the cells was known to be pluripotent in their capability to create teratomas. (Jaenish et al, 2009)

In the new global biomedical interest, harnessing the power of stem cells has become a central topic for regenerative medicine. Pluripotent stem cells have been thought to be useful sources for regenerative medicine. Murine ES cells have been in widespreaduse for three decades, and yet attempts to generatefunctional mouse blood cells, pancreatic cells, and highlyspecialized neurons have so far proven only partly successful.Nonetheless, biologists remain confident that ES cells can bedifferentiated to specific cell types if culture conditions can beidentified that precisely mimic the organizational and signalingevents of the developing embryo. This approach necessitatesan in-depth understanding of the cellular identity changes thattake place in normal development and requires direct translationof basic developmental biology into painstakingly developed protocols for directed differentiation. (Cherry and Daley, 2012)

As the ES cells (embryonic stem) have the capability to distinguish in different kinds of somatic cells and can eventually grow infinitely in the vitro, there are many issues with the usage of ES cells for the purpose of clinical utilizations which includes the rejection after transplant as well as some ethical issues. In order to cater these problems, the pluripotent stem cells were formed from the somatic cells by introducing some known aspects. These are also known as iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells. These cells have created new hopes in the upcoming era of regenerative medicines as they can prevent the ethical issues and innate the immune rejection process that is linked with ES cells. (Justin Ainscough, Shinya Yamanaka, and Takashi Tada, 2012)

Historical origins of reprogramming:

Mainly three main aspects of research were there that lead to the creation of iPSCs.

The first one was the recreation through nuclear transfer. In the year 1962, John Gurdon stated that his laboratory created tadpoles from eggs that were unfertilized and got a nucleus from the intestinal cells from the adult frog. After a time of three decades, in the year 1997, Ian wilmut along with his colleagues stated the birth of the first mammal that was created by somatic cloning of the mammary epithelial cells ...