Bio-chemistry



Section A

Answer Number: 1

As a component other fruits and vegetables is ingested with the diet on a regular basis. It is also synthesized in the body from glucose, sorbitol pathway, and this process relates to maintaining balance oxido-reductive. Whereas, in recent years, especially in developed countries, fructose intake has increased markedly as a result of increased consumption of processed products containing fructose and sorbitol as sweeteners, it is important to know your metabolic aspects, and the effects associated with its use inappropriate (Schapira, 2006).

Enzyme being a macromolecule works as a catalyst. Catalyst is a chemical agent that enhances the speed of the reaction without being a part it. Without the regulation of enzymes, the chemical traffic in the metabolism pathways would greatly be congested as various chemical reactions would take a great amount of time to occur. Autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder is because of the deficient fructose activities that result in the accumulation of fructose one phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate slows down gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis that create severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Aldolase B is a part of metabolism of the basic sugar fructose that can be found commonly in fruits used for energy in the body. Aldolase B has a main part in the second phase of fructose metabolism that breaks fructose 1 phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes. To some extinct it is also involved in the breakdown of basic sugar glucose as well (Holt, 1990).

Answer Number: 2

The first report of hereditary fructose intolerance was made ??by Chambers and Pratt in 1956. Its recognition as such was made ??in 1976, when they discovered that the administration of fructose affected people caused severe hypoglycemia. The mode of transmission of this disease is autosomal recessive, and parents, as a rule, normal. The incidence is approximately 1:20,000 is equal in both sexes and has variable presentation. In children exclusively breastfed at womb symptomatology begins when the children receive food with fructose, which usually occurs around the sixth month of life (Schapira, 2006). The child has nausea, vomiting and hypoglycemia after eating foods with sucrose or fructose, usually orange juice. Children with hereditary fructose intolerance who survive to the first six months of life have a better prognosis, since at this age tend to refuse foods containing fructose. This behaviour is called Pavlov Guard, which is a marked aversion permanent food responsible for abdominal symptoms: sweets, fruits and some vegetables (Holt, 1990).

Answer Number: 3 a)

Lock and key model

The enzymes exhibit high specificity and it was suggested by Emil Fischer in 1894 that this was due to the fact that both enzymes and substrates have complementary geometric shapes, causing it to fit accurately on each other. This process is often referred to as lock-and-key model. However, although this explains enzyme specificity, it fails to explain the stabilization of the transition state that enzymes exhibit (Holt, 1990).

Answer Number: 3 b)

Enzyme production (transcription and translation of the genes encoding the enzyme) may be increased or decreased by the cell in response to changes in the cellular ...