Assignment

Assignment

Answer 1

The word Layperson can understand the process of neurobiology of tolerance of drugs, withdrawal and dependence that is to enable that individual that the drugs can have effect of manifestation of changes in brain cause by chronic substance abuse and involve different brain pathways that sub-serving acute drug reinforcement. The effective treatment revealed from this explanation has been the successful for opiods, with additional limited success for nicotine, alcohol and stimulant dependence. The treatments of opiods including levo-alpha-acetyl methadol, methadone, naltrexone and buprenorphine act on the similar brain processes and structures such as addiction of opiods and most drugs abused is the mesolimlic (midbrain) reward system (Frances, Miller & Mack, 2011). This system produces signals in a part of brain called the ventral tegmental area (vta) that is caused the release of the chemical dopamine. From medical perspectives, withdrawal can be one of the most effective aspects which lead to dependence and addictive acts and behavior. Adopting alcohol might be the reason of the complex series of neurobiological changes at molecular and neuronal levels and include oipiod, DA, SABA, and other neurogical systems that include excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters like glutamate and diversity of receptor subtypes (Fadda & Rossetti, 1998).

Answer 2

The supportive environment understood and perceived by the person in terms of socio-historical path from companion drinkers and drink and moral treatment that consist of a civil, differential reflection for the recovering individual (Johnson &Westermeyer, 2000). Both tools are continued today and remain as strategies of two standards. One of the tools is the alternative of one drug for another. For instance, laudanum (mixture of alcohol and opiates) was once recommended for alcoholism. Morphine and later heroine, was prescribed for opium addiction drug in the mid of 1800.

Detoxication was soon became common in the mid of 1900s. The uniqueness of this model has been changing over the time and its definition is still different from one individual to another. Though, characteristics frequently attributed to the model including the following:

The time period required for residential or inpatient care ranges from few weeks to several months.

Highly focused on AA self-help ideas, resources and principles like “12 steps” of recovery.

Minimum or no family therapy or counseling. However, orientation for family to AA principles and Al- Anon might take place.

Negative perception of enduring psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for the use of substance that may cause associated psychiatric disorder.

Gratitude of comorbid circumstances including substance abuse led to synchronized treatment for several disorders including affective, eating, anxiety, and pathological gambling. For various chronic conditions (including mild mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, borderline intelligence or chronic schizophrenia), treatment of substance abuse, self-help processes and rehabilitation need to be changed. Concentrated outpatient programs are aimed at assisting many patients to recover when other treatments fail. These programs were conducted in day time, evening or weekend and are implemented after related psychiatric programs. The time period of treatment is to be spending in groups of different sizes; however, family and individual sessions were conducted as ...