ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence



Artificial Intelligence

Introduction

Firstly, an American computer scientist John McCarthy, was defined Artificial Intelligence (AI). In 1956, he coined that term as the “science and engineering of creating intelligent machine”. This definition, in the true meaning, has held, regardless of considerable shifts in technological paradigms, from the earlier emphasis on creation of intelligent computer programs to the current stress on convergence technologies (Firstly, 1956). However, in the absence of an absolute definition of intelligence, only degrees of intelligence can be defined, with human intelligence being the benchmark to which other intelligences are compared. Whereas computers can carry out some tasks, they cannot carry out all, and they lack the crucial ability to reason. Computer programs may have tremendous amounts of speed and memory, but their abilities are circumscribed by the intellectual mechanisms that have been built into the programs. In fact, the ability to substitute large amounts of computing in lieu of understanding is what gives computers their ostensible “intelligence (Firstly, 1956).”

Barrier to furthering Artificial Intelligence

The key barrier to the concept of AI is remained failure to clone the imprecise excellence of human intelligence. It is defined as the computational fraction of the capability to achieve targets. Amid the failure of programs to imitate the essential characteristics of human temperament, like common sense or perceptions or intuitions) efforts to produce AI generally fail because of the bulky weight of the rule to follow that had to be written to deal with every problem. Some of the experts believe that human intelligence can be obtained by accreted data in computers, excluding the general consensus because it is unpredictable when human intelligence can be achieved.

Nanotechnology and AI

In the mission to create AI, nanotechnology has brought in new possibilities. One developed possibility is to use “disturbed intelligence” rather of using central intelligence as a funnel factor behind AI. While the past efforts to produce AI focused on creating a centrally controlled machine, now scientists are in the infantile stage of creating disturbed intelligence. This process involves; (Indefinable, 1969).

Amassing myriads of minute parts into intelligent machines based on the use of trillions of nanoscopic parallel-processing devices that function together compare them to recorded patterns exploit the memories of all their previous experiments. One idea is based on biology that because humans are intelligent, AI should study human's psychology and physiology and imitates them. For example, a form of a natural life can be altered into an artificial form by using molecule and their substitution (bootstrapping) (Problem, 1973).

Another way would be hybrid living system that integrates few micro technologies and few nanotechnologies for computing functions for artificial imitation. Another possibility is the creation of nano computers, which have speed of processing about one trillion operations per second, and ability to squeeze is like millions of computers against a thumb-sized chip. A key idea in AI circle is to attempt and “reverse engineer” the human brain, to come up with the imperfection of understanding human brain and its ...