Arne Naess

Arne Naess

Question # 1

Arne Naess means by “Techno-Industrial Machine” that the rise of ecological critiques and the revaluation of nature in the last decades of the twentieth century have entailed for many a search through history for examples of ecologically sustainable societies-societies which didn't despoil the wilderness, massacre the wildlife and exploit all of the natural resources in sight. [1]Obviously, any genuine investigate for ecological communities and cultures mostly turns up hunter and gatherer societies which have never (outside of situations where they were pressured by encroaching civilizations) developed any compelling needs to build surplus accumulations of food or goods, nor to ignore or despoil their animal kin or natural surroundings. Their long-term steadiness and the elegance of their adaptations to their natural environments make searching and accumulating societies the sustainable humanity and sustainable finances par excellence.[2]

A development that has promised predictable, incremental improvements in our individual lives and the lives of all humanity (if only we keep the faith and continue supporting capitalist technological development) has been proven increasingly hollow. It has become harder and harder to sustain the lie that life now is qualitatively better than in all previous epochs.

Question # 2

Naess makes specific foundation that humans have no right to reduce richness and diversity of life, except to fulfill vital needs. First-world countries are not going to reduce their negative effects on the non-human world in record shattering time. Strategies need to be adopted to bring about change to get relieve of human delusion and sloth on these issues. Time is of large significance, considering the longer we wait the greater the difficulty will become. Richness and diversity face major deficiency given the extinction rate in our time is exponentially larger than in the past.[3]

A major decline in human population would be valuable for both human and nom-human life. Undoubtedly, the worlds population is growing faster than at any time before due to such a large base despite declining growth rates. Governments need to make even greater efforts and more drastic goals for the future. One key issue they contend is that most effort should go into reducing community development in evolved developed societies.[4]

Question # 3

Gestalt theory, one of the major “schools” of psychology during the first half of the twentieth century, recently returned to prominence because of the enormous relevance to current research in cognitive science and other areas. Core concepts in Gestalt theory ...