Annotated Bibliography



[Name of the InstitutionAnnotated Bibliography

Bridges, George, Robert Crutchfield and Edith Simpson. (October 1987) “Crime, Social Structure and Criminal Punishment: White and Nonwhite Rates of Imprisonment.” Social Problems. Vol. 34, No. 4

In this paper, the author has explored various aspects of social justice, crime, and criminal justice system. He has focused on differential rats between nonwhites and whites. The data in this paper was analyzed through interviews with public leaders, enforced officials and judges. Further, during analysis the author found that arrest rates and crime has limited influence on rate of imprisonment. Nevertheless, urbanization and nonwhite percentage has direct and significant impact. At the end, he has concluded that the crime has more intense picture in those Urban areas where minorities are segregated.

Zatz, Marjorie S. (2000). “The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Court Decisionmaking: Looking Towards the 21st Century.” Criminal Justice Vol. 3. National Institute of Justice

In this paper, the author has focused on gender, race, and class. He has addressed methodological and substantive concerns of the research. Zats has examined three current control policies like war on gangs, war on drugs, and the automatic transfer of youth to adult court. This was because he wanted to show that the decision process of court could be classed, gendered, and rationalized. He also has addressed policy and methodological questions for future research. At the end, he also analyzed consequence of criminal justice decisions and crime control policies for poor communities and he stated recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

Tonry, Michael. (1994). “Racial Disproportion in US Prisons.” British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 34, Special Issue. Michael

In this paper, the author has stated the racial disparities in prison system of united state are increasing from last third of 20th century. He pointed out that unlike migrant communities and ethnic immigrant, there is black urban underclass disproportionately located in Snow belt and rust Belt cities. They are unable to assimilate into the normal economy due to which they are playing a major role in filling big portion of black prisoners. At the end, he found that ratio of black to white incarceration rate in Wales and England is 7.10:1, which is a bit higher than of United States, which is 6:44:1. At the end he has given many recommendations to resolve the issue of racial disparities.

Pope, Carl E. and William Feyerherm. (December 1993). “Research Summary: Minorities and the Juvenile Justice System.” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

In this paper, the authors have examined the role played by minority status in increasing youth crime. This research has used literature and provided mix results. The authors have also discovered that there were relatively few program initiatives or policies in any jurisdictions. They also offer policy guidelines to assist state and local jurisdictions in monitoring and examining racial disparities as well as how to eliminate them if they are found.

Abrego, Abraham. (1997) Accessing justice: achievements and obstacles.: Justice for all. San Salvador, FESPAD

In this paper ...