African American pursuing PhD Degrees

African American pursuing PhD Degrees

Introduction

The validity and reliability of an instrument, despite having both their generic, theoretical definitions, in practice, since these characteristics can have different meanings, is necessary once the research reference them. That is it is not enough to say that a particular instrument has high reliability and validity. The scientific characteristics of an excellent tool measurement tool are reliability and validity. Validity is the ability to accurately measure what one intends to measure. Therefore, a result credible evaluation reflects the variable that is evaluative. To understand the significance of this study for the education of Black males, it is vital to recognize the struggles and perplexities African Americans have had to endure throughout the years in order to obtain an education. Historically, the institution of school has done a disservice to African Americans, especially male students. Over time there have been deficiencies in educating African Americans.

Creswell (2009) defines the predictive validity as the correlation between test scores and an appropriate criterion measure. It is obvious that a test should measure or evaluate what they intended, however, this is not always occurs in educational tests. Getting a test has high rates of validity is not an easy task to achieve. There are various types of statistical validities that allow the researcher to determine the empirical results and whether their exist generalizations for the results or not.

Internal validity for the African Americans pursuing for a PhD program will determine the interpretability of the research i.e. whether the empirical results obtained from the research can be implemented and have any subsequent link to the real world. It further deals with any significant differences found in the treatment groups. On the other hand, external validity for the study is that the empirical results obtained can be generalized in the theoretical perspective on the wider population or not i.e. African Americans higher education status towards a PhD degree has increased over the period of time. Similarly, the construction validity is also an integral for the researcher but it cannot be analyzed physically i.e. to determine the African Americans focus towards pursuing the PhD degree can be determine through various methods and it is the construct validity of the researcher that which way to go.

Internal Validity

Explicit Direct Instruction is a model for educational research that mainly emerged in North American for enhancing the effectiveness of teaching. Explicit Direct Instruction is very effectiveness in transmitting knowledge and skills by direct instruction. This instruction model is highly structured and is strongly guided by the teacher who proceeds in small steps according a sustained pace of lesson.

Many studies, mainly Anglo- Saxons, have shown the effectiveness of this approach (Also called direct instruction or explicit pedagogy or explicit and systematic teaching). The course is designed for the transmission of knowledge as the acquisition of skills and competencies by the student in doing so makes the balance of explicit teaching difficult between the "Teaching" (Education) and learning. These two paradigms are often opposed ...