What factors affect acceptability of HPV vaccination among Chinese girls or young women in Hong Kong?



Table of Contents

CHAPTER 02 BACKGROUND3

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)3

Cervical Cancer4

Risk Factors- Cervical Cancer4

Prevention and Treatment of Cervical Cancer5

Risk Assessment and Education7

Evidence-Based Practice9

Common Concerns and Factors11

Overseas Situation12

Attitude of People13

CHAPTER 05 REVIEWS15

Reference of the critique papers15

Designs of the critique papers17

Full critique summary19

Critique summary of the RCT Design papers (Paper 1 and 10)19

Critique summary of the Qualitative and Quantitative papers (Paper 2 through 9)23

Summary Grid28

References29

CHAPTER 02 BACKGROUND

This chapter will explore the background of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and will discuss cervical cancer and risk factors associated with cervical cancer. Further, the chapter will also discuss the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. The knowledge on common concers and actors of cervical cancer and HPV infection among young women globally and locally, and the factors that can affect young women to receive HPV vaccine will also be discussed.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is virus that can cause benign and cancerous anogenital diseased lesions as well as benign and malignant head and neck lesions. HPV infection is a major cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer in women worldwide (WHO, 2010). Its biological family consists of more than a hundred various double-standard DNA viruses enclosed in a protein shell. That is to say, there are approximated 100 types of HPV and mong these types, HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 are the most common HPV types worldwide that can most easily infect people (WHO, 2010). Types HPV 16 and 18 together, account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer. In addition to HPV 16 and 18, HPV 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of the cause of genital warts, a common sexually transmitted disease. As HPV is usually transmitted through sexual contact, men who traditionally have multiple sex partners can easily be infected and pass it on to other partners, including the genital wart variety. HPV infection is followed in most cases, by a slow onset cell-mediated immune response. Most HPV infections would flower within 5-6 months for low-risk HPV types, and 8-14 months for high-risk HPV types. However, a persistent infection would be established if the immune response system fails to clear out or control the virus and finally, result in cervical cancer in women.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is considered as the most common disease occurring in grown-up women. According to World Health Organization, there are approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancer every year, and 250,000 deaths also occur because of the cancer of cervix. Cervical cancer appears to develop in a progressive fashion: usually mild dysplastic changes evolve into severe dysplastic changes and ultimately into carcinoma in situ. There are various reasons causing cervical cancer, including lifestyle factors like unhealthy diet and poor personal hygiene. But, a high frequency of sex, particularly with refference to promiscuity and having multiple sexual partners, was also regarded as a risk factor. There are about 493,000 cases related to cervical cancer occurring worldwide every year and 274,000 women die from it annually ...