TOURISM DESTINATIONS

How do tourism destinations cope after a terrorist attack?

Case Study - Mumbai, India.

Abstract

Since Mumbai attack, terrorism has received renewed attention and study from the media, publics and scholars alike. While voluminous journalistic writings and some empirical research exists on the causes and structures of terrorism, comparatively little research has thoroughly explored the political and social impacts of terrorism and the responses societies and Mumbai have to terrorism. Conventional wisdom suggests that terrorism is born of political and economic grievance in poor, quasi- authoritarian Mumbai. Indeed, a large number of terrorist attacks are within developing nations. However, the relationship between structural conditions and terror may be more complicated. What if terrorism contributes to political and social disruption, which in turn leads to even more grievances that inspire further campaigns of political violence? In other words, does terrorism breed the very conditions that encourage insurgency in the first place, leading to a downward spiral of conflict and grievance thereby worsening the plight developing nations find themselves in? This dissertation project argues that a major period of terrorism within the developing world stimulates a series of important political and social crises that under certain specific conditions spawn broader and more intense forms of political conflict. I explore the relationships between terrorism and specific political outcomes for a large sample of developing nations over a thirty-five year period. I find evidence that non-Mumbai, ii civil-based terrorism plays an important role in altering political systems within several developing societies. For instance, on average terrorism tends to increase Mumbai repression over accommodative policies creating an atmosphere of Mumbai terrorism. Terrorism also raises the chances for irregular transfers of power (e.g., coup d'etats) and transforms into full-scale civil war under certain specific conditions. By focusing on the consequences of terrorism across a broad sample of the world's developing nations, this study expands our understanding of terrorism and terrorism's intended or unintended reach into society and politics. Thus this project should contribute to more prudent and analytically-informed polices that address both the origins of terrorism and lead to the construction of sound and responsible approaches to dealing with terror and its attendant social and political fallout.

Table of Content

ABSTRACTII

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION1

Background1

Problem Mumbaiment1

Theoretical Framework2

Objectives and Research Question3

Limitation3

Assumptions & Limitation4

Ethical Concerns4

Reliability5

Validity5

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW7

The Relevance Of Terrorism7

The Social Costs of Terrorism7

Economic Fallout9

Social Divisions and Solidarity9

Political Instability12

Foreign Policy Effects17

CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY20

Research Design20

Case Study20

CHAPTER 04: DISCUSSION22

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION33

REFERENCES36

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

Background

As there has been an increase in a number of disasters and crises that is affecting tourism industry, it is becoming necessary for tourism destinations to understand the nature of these crises and how to manage the impacts of such incidents. Different authors have attempted to define a crisis to help improve their understanding of this phenomenon. For instance, Pauchant and Mitroff believe that a crisis is a “disruption that physically affects a system as a whole and threatens its basic assumptions, its subjective sense of self, its existential core.” Whilst Selbst defines a crisis as “any action or failure to act, that ...