THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHILDREN WITH ADHD

Behaviour of Children with ADHD

Behaviour of Children with ADHD

Introduction

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that affects around 3%-7% of school-age children. Boys are two to nine times more often affected than girls . Twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies show ADHD to be highly heritable . Evidence from animal and human studies implicates the dysregulation of frontal-subcortical-cerebellar catecholaminergic circuits in the pathophysiology of ADHD . Imaging studies suggest that abnormalities of the dopaminergic and adrenergic transmitter systems lead to impaired neurotransmission. ADHD is an abbreviation for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is present in children whose brains do not produce enough of a chemical that helps with impulse control and behavior management. Children with ADHD tend to be hyperactive, have difficulty following directions or in learning situations, and have other behavioral problems. A number of therapy strategies, including talk therapy and drug therapy, are used in the management of ADHD children. (Dr Jennifer Erkulwater; Dr Rick Mayes; Dr Catherine Bagwell 2009, 65-78)

Behavioral-Modification Therapy

Children with ADHD generally respond better to a clear system of guidelines and expectations. Expectations should be made clear to children, and a strong and consistent system of positive and negative reinforcements should be constituted. Children respond better when the consequences of their actions are immediate. It is essential to stick to all rules at all times. Consistency is key, and a clear schedule should be made and posted, so ADHD children know exactly what to expect and when. (Dr Jennifer Erkulwater; Dr Rick Mayes; Dr Catherine Bagwell 2009, 65-78)

Talk Therapy

Talk therapy may be appropriate both on a personal level and/or in the form of family therapy. Individual one-on-one therapy generally focuses on self-esteem, relaxation and stress management, and learning strategies to manage and cope with the hyperactivity. Family therapy incorporates the family, helping children and parents to better understand each other,and helping parents and siblings learn effective techniques to cope with the hyperactive behavior present in the ADHD child. (Dr Jennifer Erkulwater; Dr Rick Mayes; Dr Catherine Bagwell 2009, 65-78)

Drug Therapy

Drug therapy is common for ADHD children and may be used alone or in conjunction with other forms of therapy. Ritalin is used most frequently, and it alters the biochemical paths in the brain to help increase concentration. Other drugs used in the treatment of ADHD include methylphenidate, pemoline, atomoxetine, amphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Drug therapy is generally designed to assist the brain in managing impulse control, help improve concentration and help the brain to filter out excessive stimuli which leads to hyperactivity.

Environmental Setting

This should be a safe, clean, organised and structured classroom. Children with ADHD are easily distracted therefore it is imperative to ensure that they are seated in the classroom near the front of the class and at a place which is free from distraction, for example, sitting near the window or door would not be helpful.

Behavioural strategies

Schools should have a behavioural policy in place so that the pupils and their parents ...