Messick's concept of Validity administered to grading Messick's idea of validity undergirds the idea about educators' ranking practices that this study was believed to investigate (Brookhart, 1991). Messick (1989a, 1989b) borders the validity inquiry in time span of both implication and standards by identifying two facets of validity: the proposed function for the tally (interpretation or use) and the source of justification (empirical signs or communal consequences). He types a progressive matrix by crossing these two facets to convention a ...