Sustainable mosquito control

By

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background and Significance1

Research questions2

Summary of Thesis3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW4

Transmission of Mosquito Borne Disease And sustainability4

Concept of sustainability and role of Mosquito control agencies4

Integrated Mosquito Management and sustainability6

Controlling Vector-borne Diseases by sustainable treatments and Public Health10

Predicting Risk of Vector-borne Disease Transmission14

Roles Played by Government for sustainable treatments of mosquitoes control14

Modifying Behavior to Prevent Mosquito-borne Diseases in the U.S15

Mosquito-Borne Disease in the US and sustainable control17

Urbanization17

Migration and trade18

Policies & Politics19

Other behaviors20

Sustainable Development21

Conceptual framework28

WORK CITED30

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background and Significance

Today, in order for controlling mosquitoes there are numerous treatments and medicines used for controlling mosquitoes. There are many mosquitoes controlling sprays and treatments introduce for controlling it. These actions eliminate pests like mosquitoes undesirable factor for the general population, and for the tourism sector in particular. The actions include the integration of different control methods, the implementation of preventive measures and promoting outreach activities and public awareness.

Many countries are now focusing on reducing to the tolerable levels the plague of mosquitoes by the use of environmentally acceptable techniques. Aggressive use of DDT and other synthetic pesticides were until recently viewed as a silver bullet in combating mosquito-borne disease. Massive and comprehensive spraying efforts following WWII all but eradicated malaria in Western Europe and North America. Despite the effectiveness of DDT, what became clear in the aftermath was that such policies also carried severe secondary effects upon non-target species, water quality and public health.

Since the 1970s, efforts have made on limiting mosquito contact with humans to levels that can be considered tolerable. This strategy of Integrated Mosquito Management focuses first on source prevention by inhibiting the growth of aquatic larvae by physical, biological or chemical remediation. Sophisticated mosquito control programs maintain regular monitoring programs to estimate changes in populations of certain species and incidence of any carrying disease. Many communities simply rely on clinical cases of human infection as an impetus to investigate further or escalate intervention in a largely reactive manner.

Because mosquitoes can exploit features of the urban landscape and urban ecosystem, and because this landscape and its ecosystem are largely shaped by the way we design and plan them, planners have an opportunity to structurally obviate the presence of a significant fraction of those mosquitoes.

Globalization and the ease by which people may travel long distances, infectious diseases now spread much faster than they have in the past. The arrival of West Nile Virus in the U.S. and recent outbreaks of Dengue in Florida and Hawaii only elevate the need for attention. Similarly, as witnessed with the recent introduction of the Asian tiger mosquito, non-native disease vectors alter the dynamic of our ecosystem only to present new challenges. While exotic diseases such as Malaria, Yellow Fever and Chikungunya are endemic in countries outside the U.S., there is a very real threat that an infected host traveler can inadvertently pass disease to viable mosquito vectors in the U.S. and propagate an epidemic cycle.

Finally, much has been said about the role that climate change may play in altering the geographic ...