Sustainable Development

By

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

Sustainable resource management by incorporating indigenous/ Traditional knowledge3

Sustainable development4

Sustainable development in dry areas5

Natural resource management: a search for sustainability8

Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development9

Importance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems10

Sustainable development of mountain areas11

Environmental protection for sustainable development12

Environmental justice13

Indigenous Knowledge and Natural Resource Management14

Natural Resources and Natural Resource Management17

REFERENCES19

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

The suitability analysis addressed constraints to and opportunities for development Examples of constraining influences are preservation of forested land, wetlands, and watersheds, while opportunities for development include expansion of rice paddies, rubber, orchards, and commercial and industrial activity. Based on the suitability results, the land can be divided into five main geographical areas: coastal areas; mountainous areas; highlands; lowlands and floodplains; and urban areas (Saenger 2003, p.88). Potentially, the most suitable sites for mangrove forest plantation are the areas along the coast, and the most suitable land for shrimp farming is adjacent to the suitable sites of mangrove forests. In addition, the most suitable land for rice paddies is the low land and floodplain, where the river and canals flow eastwards. The uses for rice paddies, shrimp fanning, and mangrove forests are likely to compete with one another (Rosenberry 2008, p.25). Thus resource planning to make the best use of land ought to be very strict about land suitability. The mountainous area where most tributaries deserve to be preserved as environmental protected areas. Implementing the proposed land suitability could promote sustainable land development. In this way, the land may be progressively developed with minimum environmental degradation, thus helping to maintain a sustainable system of production of quality goods and services (Esteva 2002, p.6-25).

People are aware of changes in their environment and, to a certain extent, use environmental indicators to forecast what is or will happen. Fear of both spirit ancestors and community sanctions appeared to be positive incentives for conserving the common property resources. Whether or not conservation was a direct or indirect effect is irrelevant as the enforcing moral codes have assisted in sustaining the resources. Collective action and the existence of social regulation have shown to guide this resource-use behaviour (Chambers 2002, p.67).

IK is just as valid as other approaches Comparing exogenous sources of information helped to build support for the aspects of indigenous practices and technologies which are described. Almost all dimensions of IK which investigated appear to be valid alongside other available sources. Exogenous sources of information are very general and usually cover an extensive area thus, making it difficult to apply to site-specific situations (Cemea 2004, p.186-98). This refers in particular to the broad agro ecological zones which government extension officers use, versus the detailed and local soil knowledge of farmers. Current national forestry research has been limited to exotic species and a few indigenous species, which can limit the application of agro forestry and enrichment planting of wild fruit trees. Agricultural research has been the most receptive agency to incorporate IK into its programs, but this research is still not extended to the ...