Study of Attitude of Student towards Higher Studies in

U.K. and Pakistani University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE1

2.1 Education1

2.1.1 Stages of Education5

2.1.1.1 Primary/Elementary Education5

2.1.1.2 Secondary Education6

2.1.1.3 Higher Education6

2.2 Higher Education10

2.2.1 Higher Education in Pakistan10

2.2.2 Higher Education in the UK13

2.3 Components of Higher Education17

2.3.1 Environment17

2.3.2 Programme23

2.3.3 Curriculum27

2.4 Definition of Attitude32

2.4.1 Components of Attitude33

2.5Factors affecting the attitudes34

2.5.1 Links between actions, emotions and logic34

2.6 Development of Attitudes35

2.7 Significance of Attitudes36

2.8 Methods of Measuring Attitudes37

2.8.1 Self Reports37

2.8.2 Questionnaire in Measuring Attitudes38

2.8.3 Reports of others38

2.8.4 Sociometric procedures and records39

2.9 Attitudes of Students in National Perspective (references from Pakistani students)40

2.10 Attitudes of Students in International Perspective (reference other than Pakistani researches)42

2.11 Comparison of UK and Pakistan concerning attitudes of students43

2.12 Problems involved in Higher Education Faced by Students (in UK and Pakistan)44

1.Admission44

2.Financial45

3.Students involvement in studies46

4.Administrative48

5.Provision of reference materials50

6.Staff and staff development50

7.Library51

2.12 Conclusion52

REFERENCES53

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Education

According to Chen & Wang (2006) education can be defined as the process of socialization of individuals. By educating a person, learn skills are assimilated into him. Education also involves a cultural awareness and behaviour, where new generations acquire the ways of life of previous generations. The educational process is embodied in a set of skills and values, leading to intellectual, emotional and social changes in the individual. According to the degree of awareness achieved, these values ??can last a lifetime or only for a certain period of time. In the case of children, education seeks to promote the process of structuring of thought and forms of expression. It help in the maturing process and stimulates sensory-motor integration and group living.

Chen & Wang (2006) asserts that, formal education or school, meanwhile, is the systematic presentation of ideas, facts and techniques imparted to students. Thus, the school system is the way in which a society transmits and retains its corporate existence among the new generations. Moreover, it is noteworthy that modern society attaches particular importance to the concept of lifelong or continuous learning, which states that the educational process is not limited to children and youth, but that man must acquire knowledge throughout their life, as earlier asserted, “from womb to tomb”.

Within the field of education, another key aspect is the evaluation, which presents the results of teaching and learning process. Evaluation contributes to improving education and, in some ways; it never ends, because each activity performed by an individual is subjected to tests to determine whether they achieved what they sought or not.

Preschool, primary and secondary education is the training stage in which individuals develop thinking skills and core competencies to promote systematic and continuous learning, and the dispositions and attitudes that govern their lives. Education ensure that all children, both girls and boys, in the country have the same or similar opportunities to take and successfully complete basic education, thereby bringing down the learning for each grade level. Therefore, education is critical to sustaining the development of a nation. The quality of basic education to develop core competencies and the achievement of student learning ...