Social Ecological Predictors Of Dietary Intake Among Hispanic Parents / Child Caregivers In Aurora, Illinois

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

Overview of obesity in the U.S1

Childhood Obesity in the Hispanic Population1

General Facts and statistics1

Risk Factors and Obesity10

Economic impact of obesity11

Physiological Factors of Obesity12

Hispanic populations in the U.S16

Theoretical framework17

Examining Obesity among Hispanic Americans from a Socio-ecological Perspective25

Socio-ecological Model25

Factors Associated with Obesity32

Age and Obesity33

Socioeconomic Status and Obesity36

Acculturation and Obesity39

Hispanic Cultural Norms39

Contributing Factors Discussed in the Literature41

Socioeconomic Status45

Proximity to food48

Lifestyle behaviors Parental and Family Influence in the Hispanic Population50

Nutritional Knowledge50

Childhood Obesity Treatment Programs51

REFERENCES53

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview of obesity in the U.S

Childhood Obesity in the Hispanic Population

This imbalance will create a pivotal change in the makeup of the Hispanic population during the next 20 years. A primary outcome of this population shift is the emergence of second-generation Latinos (defined as children born in the U.S. from immigrant parents) as the largest component of the Hispanic population in the United States (Davison et.al., 2001). The rise of second-generation Hispanics is important to consider when reviewing public policy, as the costs associated with this subgroup will affect U.S. policy in future time. The Hispanic population rose by 25.7 million between 1970 and 2000; immigrants comprised 45% of this increase, and second-generation Hispanics accounted for another 28%. In addition, when reviewing the most recent decade of 1990-2000, 4.5 million of the 8.7 million (51.7%) of the children added to the U.S. population are Hispanic (CDC, 2011b). In addition, the birth rates are higher among Hispanic immigrants compared to any other ethnicity, at 3.51 births per woman versus 1.84 for non-Hispanic whites, 2.53 for black immigrants, and 2.6 for Asian immigrants. The high birth rate among the Hispanic population implies that Latino immigrants will produce a greater number of second-generation Latinos versus other ethnicities. The projected Hispanic birth rate results in an additional 25 million second-generation Hispanics by the year 2020. This anticipated rise of the Hispanic child population will potentially put increased demands on the health care system (CDC 2008). If intervention programs would not be implemented efficiently then childobesity among Hispanic population affect negatively to the health care system.

General Facts and statistics

In 2007-2008, the study in NHANES proved that obesity prevalence among children and adolescents from the age group of 2 to 19 years old is 16.9%, however, overweight prevalence is 31.7% (Himes, 1994). The magnitude of the childhood obesity epidemic has been provided by these rates of obesity (CDC, 2008a). Other study is conducted in NHANES in which it is mentioned that extremely obese people have BMI 2: 97th percentile. The current rate of obesity among children and adolescent is 11.9% (CDC, 2012c). Childhood obesity is one of the main public health concerns. According to the research US Census Bureau Web site American fact finder, (2007), over time obesity rates have not been significantly decreased, however, from the last 10 years, an increase can be observed.

Diet quality and levels of physical activity among Hispanic parents / child caregivers in Aurora, Illinois have changed significantly ...