REVIEW PAPER

Review Paper

Abstract

Introduction: Due to a lack of research previous related studies in dance which compares non-criterion methods, the purpose of this study is to compare non-criterion methods to determine inter-changeability of ballet dancers. A secondary purpose was to assess whether a correlation occurred between estimating percentage body fat in the selected methods and BMI in young female ballet dancers.

Methods: 34 female ballet dancers (18 ± 2 yrs, 162 ± 6.4 cm, 53.3 ± 6.4 kg) had height, weight, SKF, and BIA measurements taken. 2 SKF and 2 BIA equations were used to predict %BF.

Results: Significant correlations between Lukaski et al., and Jackson et al (r = 0.238, p< 0.05) and between Durnin & Wormsley and Yannakoulia et al (r = 0.223, p<0.05). No significant correlations were found between the remaining equations (r = 0.157, p>0.05, r = 0.175, p>0.05). Significant correlations between BMI and Durnin & Wormsley and Yannakoulia et al., were found (r = 0.220, p<0.05, r = -0.153, p<0.05).

Conclusions: The study demonstrates that BIA and SKF can be used interchangeably with ballet dancers with each other, but only when the corresponding equations are used, to estimate %BF in young female ballet dancers. Secondly, it was found that BMI can be used interchangeably with Durnin and Wormsley SKF equation, and Yannakoulia et al BIA equation to predict %BF in young female ballet dancers.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the dancers who volunteered to participate in this study.

I would also like to thank Janine Johnson for allowing me to use her dance studio and pupils.

I would like to acknowledge Kevin Lamb for supervising my dissertation.

Declaration

I declare that this work is original and is my own, and has not been previously submitted in support of a Degree, qualification or other course.

Signed ………………………………………………

Date …………………………………………………

Table of Content

ABSTRACTII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIV

DECLARATIONV

LIST OF HE FIGURESVIII

LIST OF THE TABLESIX

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Background1

Introduction3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW11

Nutrition12

Physiological Demands15

Body composition16

Skinfold Measurements (SKF)19

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)22

Body Mass Index (BMI)24

Physically Educated'26

Conclusion32

CHAPTER 3: METHODS34

Participants34

Design34

Procedures35

Anthropometry36

Skinfold Measurements36

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis37

Statistical analysis38

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS40

BMI42

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION45

Findings45

Conclusion48

REFERENCES50

PRIMARY REFERENCE50

SECONDARY REFERENCE61

APPENDICES63

APPENDIX 1: ETHICAL APPROVAL63

List of he Figures

Figure 1: The scatter-plot shows there is a significant difference in estimating %BF between D&W and Luk (r = 0.157, p<0.05).

Figure 2: The scatter-plot shows there is no significance difference in estimating %BF between luk and J&P (r = 0.238, p> 0.05).

Figure 3: The scatter-plot shows there is no significance difference in estimating %BF between D&W and Yan (r = 0.223, p>0.05).

Figure 4: The scatter-plot shows there is significance difference in estimating %BF between J&P and Yan (r = 0.175, p<0.05).

Figure 5: The scatter-plot shows there is a non-significant difference between D&W and BMI (r = 0.220, p>0.05).

Figure 6: The scatter plot shows there is a significant difference between J&P and BMI (r = 0.065, p<0.05).

Figure 7: The scatter-plot shows there is a significant difference between Luk and BMI (r = -0.062, p<0.05).

Figure 8: The scatter-plot shows there is a non-significant difference between Yan and BMI (r = -0.153, p>0.05).

List of the Tables

Table 1: Descriptive statistics showing ...