A major response of human cells to DNA damage is nuclear accumulation and activation of the p53 protein. The role of p53 in NER is not completely understood; attempts to link p53 to repair and recovery from DNA damage have explored several possibilities, such as direct physical interactions between p53 and repair proteins. Indeed, p53 interacts in vitro with each of the XPB, XPD, and p62 components of TFIIH transcription factor. p53 may regulate repair by trans-activation of genes involved in repair. For example, p21 and Gadd45 are up-regulated by p53 levels and interact with PCNA, which ...