Research Paper

Table of Contents

Whether Punishment Is an Effective Way or Not To Control or Diminish Undesirable Behavior4

Introduction4

Discussion4

Alternatives to Punishment5

Making Punishment More Effective6

Conclusion7

Research Outline8

Treatment of Insomnia8

Introduction8

I. Causes of Insomnia8

II. Categorization of Insomnia9

III. Medication for Treatment of Insomnia9

IV. Behavioral Therapies for Treatment of Insomnia10

V. Annotated Bibliography10

What techniques have professionals used to treat insomnia and how effective are those treatments?13

Introduction13

Discussion & Analysis13

Causes of Insomnia13

Medication for Treatment of Insomnia14

Barbiturates14

Antidepressants15

Benzodiazepines15

Zolpidem15

Zopiclone16

Various Preparations17

Behavioral Therapies17

Sleep Restriction18

Pharmacological treatment18

Epidemiology and Psychosocial Impact20

Side Effects and Prevention20

Residual effects21

Memory22

Rebound insomnia22

The Possibility of Drug Dependence23

Respiratory depression24

Effect on sleep stages24

References26

Whether Punishment Is an Effective Way or Not To Control or Diminish Undesirable Behavior

Introduction

Verbal reprehensions and loss of privileges are valid and effectual forms of punishment not cause to experience the similar oppositions as physical punishment. In elimination of undesirable behavior, punishment is not always effectual. Indeed, it is not virtually as helpful as reinforcement is in setting off more enviable conduct. Punishment often directs to unwanted emotional consequences at times related with the punisher instead of with the punished behavior. Such as, a child might be led by punishment to hate and scare of the punisher, and might ensue in attempts to avert punishment in spite of endeavors to ward off the wrongdoings for which the punishment was dispensed. Furthermore, guidance is not provided by punishment for desirable behavior; rather, it puts emphasis on undesirable behavior. Lastly, it is indicated by some research that sometimes punishment has outcomes contrary to those intended. For instance, it is found by Mulvaney and Mebert (2007) that maladjustment and misbehavior, in fact, raised in life afterwards due to physical punishment of young children.

Discussion

In accordance with Skinner, an undesirable behavior is not extinguished by punishment; instead, that behavior is suppressed by punishment when the punishing agent is present. And when there is no such threat of punishment or in circumstances where punishment is dubious, the behavior is disposed to continue. One argument is presented against punishment that if unlawful behavior can be reliably extinguished by punishment (imprisonments, fines, and so on), then in the criminal justice system, there would be lesser repeat offenders.

However, nearly all of these arguments relate essentially to physical punishment and other forms of punishment are not meant. These other types of punishment (like loss of privileges, verbal reprimands) have long been regarded as rightful and effectual way of keeping behavior in line. There are examples when in restraining damaging, violent, and aggressive behavior in children (and at times in adults too), punishment comes out to be an effective strategy.

Alternatives to Punishment

It is believed by many psychologists that the best way to put out a problem behavior is taking out the feting outcomes of undesirable behavior. Parents, according to this view, should eliminate temper tantrums of a child not by punishment but by never submitting to the demands of child during a tantrum. A parent might best eliminate problematic behavior that is acted upon just to acquire attention by tuning it out and giving consideration to more appropriate conduct. At times, only giving explanation why a particular ...