NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

An investigation of current networking technologies networking

An investigation of current networking technologies networking

Question 1

A)

Physical, Application, Network, Transmitting.

B)

A host that is connected to a TCP/IP network may have one or more physical hardware network interfaces. Each of these interfaces may be configured as one or more “logical” interfaces, which are the entities that a program actually works with. Each of these logical interfaces is associated with an IP address. In addition, TCP/IP software supports “loopback” interfaces (127.0.0.1 in IPv4 and ::1 in IPv6), which do not use any physical hardware.

C)

IP address for B (below A), C and D to be 111.111.2.111, 111.111.3.111, 222.222.222.4 respectively.

D)

The first component is the network protocol, which defines network-layer addressing, the fields in the datagram (that is, the network-layer PDU), and the actions taken by routers and end systems on a datagram based on the values in these fields. The network protocol in the Internet is called the Internet Protocol, or more commonly, the IP Protocol. There are two versions of the IP protocol in use today.

E)

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as necessary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator. The 32-bit IP address is grouped eight bits at a time, separated by dots, and represented in decimal format (known as dotted decimal notation). Each bit in the octet has a binary weight (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1). The minimum value for an octet is 0, and the maximum value for an octet is 255 (Browning, 2006, 89).

F)

The default subnet mask for a Class B address that has no subnetting is 255.255.0.0, while the subnet mask for a Class B address 171.16.0.0 that specifies eight bits of subnetting is 255.255.255.0. The reason for this is that eight bits of subnetting or 28 - 2 (1 for the network address and 1 for the broadcast address) = 254 subnets possible, with 28 - 2 = 254 hosts per subnet. The subnet mask for a Class C address 192.168.2.0 that specifies five bits of subnetting is 255.255.255.248.With five bits available for subnetting, 25 - 2 = 30 subnets possible, with 23 - 2 = 6 hosts per subnet. The reference charts shown in table 30-2 and table 30-3 can be used when planning Class B and C networks to determine the required number of subnets and hosts, and the appropriate subnet mask.

G)

The routers are connected through a satellite link, and the laptop is connected through a wireless link to the last router. In this example, as an IP packet travels from the PC to the laptop, it will be encapsulated into Ethernet frame, decapsulated, processed, and then encapsulated into a new data link frame to cross the satellite link. For the final link, the packet will use a wireless data link frame from the router to the ...