MICROBIOLOGY ASSIGMENT

Microbiology Assignment - Staphylococcus Aureus



Microbiology Assignment - Staphylococcus Aureus

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is an example of a bacterium for which the role of exposure to aerosolized organisms in disease transmission should be more closely evaluated. An international survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species resulted in the finding that Staphylococcus Aureus was the most prevalent cause of hospital- and community-acquired bloodstream, skin and soft tissue, and lower respiratory infection. In the hospital setting, the most common mode of transmission of resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is close contact with infected persons or with health-care workers with contaminated hands or clothing. Recent evidence suggests, however, that airborne dispersal and transmission may also be important , and case studies implicating airborne transmission in the hospital setting have been published in the literature. Although drug-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus has historically been a significant problem only in hospitals, the urgent need for further study of the ambient airborne concentrations and the role of airborne transmission of this organism in non-hospital environments is demonstrated by the increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections in the community (Kreisel, et. al., 2010). Most alarming about this trend is that infection has been observed among individuals with and without known risk factors.

Since the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, the glycopeptide vancomycin has been the only uniformly effective treatment for staphylococcal infections. In 1997, two infections due to Staphylococcus Aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were identified in the United States. The emergence of Staphylococcus Aureus with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides emphasizes the importance of the prudent use of antibiotics, the laboratory capacity to identify resistant strains, and the use of infection-control precautions to prevent transmission. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that are becoming increasingly difficult to combat because of emerging resistance to all current antibiotic classes (Geng, et. al., 2010). The evolutionary origins of MRSA are poorly understood, no rational nomenclature exists, and there is no consensus on the number of major MRSA clones or the relatedness of clones described from different countries. We resolve all of these issues and provide a more thorough and precise analysis of the evolution of MRSA clones than has previously been possible.

Recent analysis of the MRSA operon also shows that many mRNAs have long UTRs, more frequently found at the 39 ends. These regions might have implications in regulation by promoting specific binding sites for trans-acting ligands or by their processing to generate Small Ribonucleic acids. Mechanisms of RNA processing and turnover are not well studied in Staphylococcus Aureus and little is known about Staphylococcus Aureus RNA-binding proteins associated with Small Ribonucleic acids. This review illustrates the great diversity in sizes, structures, and mechanisms of Small Ribonucleic acids, and shows that determinants required for regulation could sometimes be predicted from the RNA structure (Barratt, Shaban & Moyle, 2010). For instance, several Small Ribonucleic acids and RNAIII carry a C-rich motif, located in hairpin loops or in accessible single strands, which is a specific recognition signature to target ...