MEDICINE AND HEALTH

Medicine and Health: Question Paper

Medicine and Health: Question Paper

Question 1: Many drugs have been designed to relax smooth muscle, and can have a different mode of actions and clinical applications. Discuss the possible mechanisms for smooth muscle relaxation, and, using examples of different drugs, explain how these mechanisms can be applied clinically to treat various medical conditions.

Studies found out that increased smooth reactivity to warrant a measly response to differing effects (for instance, exercise, hyperventilation, forced ventilation, high humidity, fog, cold air, etc) are among the key elements in the pathogenesis of asthma. In some cases, the fundamental changes are the main smooth pathogenetic factor in the formation of this disease. As the basis for the changed reactivity of smooth muscle is hereditary, congenital or acquired pathophysiological mechanisms, it is interesting to in-depth study in order to prevent the formation, development and progression of asthma.

Mechanism for smooth muscle relaxation

It is quite logical to inherited (congenital) mechanisms hyper reactivity attributed to the primary and acquired arising on the background of the progression of allergic inflammation in asthma to the secondary (Anaf, Simon, Fayt and Noel 2000, p. 767-771). The most likely primary pathophysiologic mechanisms of hyper reactivity in the first place can be attributed vagal influence or dysregulation of smooth tone muscles, and to the secondary excessive loss of moisture on the background of hyperventilation, inflammatory changes of the mucosa, increased sensitivity to a variety of substances, allergens, haptens, chemical and other factors.

In the latter case, the inflammatory changes begin with the violations in the microvasculature, directly responsive to the effects of damaging factors, pollutants, toxins, inflammatory mediators, etc. Since the recent growing importance of heredity, and hence the primary smooth hyper responsiveness, the most appropriate to focus on the study of its mechanisms. This requires a few words about the physiology of spasm of smooth muscles as expressed by the primary manifestations of airway hyper responsiveness (Kazakov, Zamecnik, Shelekhova and Mukensnabl 2007, p. 134-146).

The first part describes the mechanisms clean were the respiratory tract a system of mucociliary transport and its role in maintaining normal ventilation function of smooth tree. However, in a severe pollution mucociliary mechanism cannot cope with the purification of large amounts of air. Therefore, in the process of evolution there was a need to regulate the flow of air (flow). This important function performed by another shell muscle. It consists of the so-called smooth muscles, which causes a reduction of spasm and narrowing of the smooth tree. In this sense, from a physiological point of view of smooth muscles may be regarded as a defensive response aimed at preventing the lungs of foreign particles and decrease the flow of air contaminated with pathological (harmful) aerosol particles, liquids, gases, etc.

Fairly well studied and shown to smooth muscles response in healthy individuals this is a protective reflex muscles, which realized by means of nerve reflex. As an example of this kind, it can result in any entity that has entered the fog or smoke-filled ...