Marine Mechanical Engineering

by

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first names and surname here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

Signed __________________ Date _________________

ABSTRACT

Recently, exhaust emissions from marine engines have become a cause of growing concern. Emission reduction technologies applicable to marine engines need to be developed and tested so that the emission regulations can be met. A review of emission reduction technologies applicable for marine engines is presented in this study. The experimental results of onboard testing of a high-speed passenger ferry to determine the benefits of low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel and intake air water injection are presented. Gaseous emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOBxB), carbon dioxide (COB2B), and particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured using on-board emission measurement systems developed at the Engine and Emissions Research Laboratory (EERL), West Virginia University. The NOBx Bemissions were reduced by approximately 11%-17% with intake air water injection and, the PM emissions were reduced by approximately 38%-45% with operation on LSD fuel without a penalty in fuel consumption or work output.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTII

DECLARATIONIII

ABSTRACTIV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

Objectives of the Study2

Background of the Study2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW6

Marine Emissions Regulations and Standards6

Prior In-use Marine Emission Measurement Studies8

US Coast Guard, 19978

Field Testing of Water Injection System (WIS), 1999-20009

Engine Exhaust Emissions10

Walther Engineering Services, Inc., 2001-200211

West Virginia University (WVU), 200212

Engine, Fuel, and Emissions Engineering, Inc. (EF&EE), 200213

Emission Reduction Technologies15

Water Aided Emission Reduction Technologies16

Water-in-Fuel Emulsions16

Transportation engineering17

Diesel Engine19

Internal Combustion (Gasoline and Diesel) Engines21

Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine: Basic Operation28

Four-Stroke Cycle Polar Valve Timing30

Two-Stroke Cycle Diesel Polar Valve Timing35

Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine: Basic Operation36

Direct Versus Indirect Diesel Engine Injection Concepts37

Torque Description44

Unstabilized Emulsions46

Internal Combustion Marine Engines51

Improving Efficiency By Reducing Tractive Energy Required56

Improvement Of Engine Efficiency60

Theoretical Maximum Engine Efficiency61

Increasing The Efficiency Of Spark Ignition Engines70

Thermodynamic Efficiency71

Reduction in Mechanical Friction73

Reduction in Pumping Loss76

Increasing The Efficiency Of Compression Ignition (Diesel) Engines84

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY94

Experimental Equipment And Procedures94

Test Vessel95

Important Parameters Recorded98

Parameters Recorded by the MEMS (Mobile Emissions Measurement System)99

MEMS (Mobile Emissions Measurement System)103

Gaseous Emissions Sampling and Conditioning System103

Diaphragm Pump105

Temperature Controllers An Omega105

Fuel Flow Measurement108

Torque Measurement109

Engine Dynamometer Laboratory110

Operating Conditions110

Fuel Flow Metering113

Secondary Dilution Tunnel and Particulate Sampling114

Gas Analysis System116

Hydrocarbon Analyzer117

CO/COB2B Analyzer117

NOBxB Analyzer117

Bag Sampling118

Instrumentation Control and Data Acquisition119

Calculation of Emissions119

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS120

On-board Test Results121

Regulated Gaseous Emissions and Particulate Matter121

Total Particulate Matter123

Fuel Consumption124

Output Power124

Percentage Reductions in Emissions due to Intake Air Water Injection124

Emissions Reduction due to the Combined Effect of Intake Air Water125

Brake-specific Emissions Calculated from (BSFC)125

Comparison of Fuel Consumption Measurements126

Comparison of Entire Test Duration Data versus 60 Seconds Data127

Discussion127

Challenges of bunker fuel data129

Fuel price and running costs134

Fuel compliance134

Scrubber compliance136

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION138

Recommendations141

REFERENCES142

APPENDIX145

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are considered to be the most efficient power plants among the various types of internal combustion engines. Almost all heavy-duty trucks, urban buses, marine vessels and industrial equipment across the ...