IMMUNOLOGY 

Immunology 

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Immunology 

Answer 1

Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms These thephysiological functioning immune system in states of health and disease. Malfunction of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection), the physical, chemical and physiological components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in various disciplines of science, and as such is divided further.

Answer 2

Even before the concept of immunity (from immunis, Latin for "exempt") was developed, numerous early physicians characterized organs that later prove to be part of the immune system. The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and skin and liver. When health conditions warrant, immune system organs like the thymus, spleen, part of the bone marrow, lymph nodes and secondary lymphatic tissues can be surgically removed for examination while patients are alive.

Many components of the immune system are actually cellular in nature and not associated with any particular organ but is inserted or circulating in various tissues throughout the body.

Answer 3

Classical immunology ties in the fields of epidemiology and medicine. We study the relationship between body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The first written mention of immunity goes back to the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from an earlier episode of illness can care for the sick without contracting the disease a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was only 19 and 20 centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.

The study of molecular and cellular components that make up the immune system, including its role and interaction is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, the latter of which is divided into humoral and cellular components.

Answer 4

The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from certain kinds of immune cells (B lymphocytes). Antigens are defined as anything that causes the generation of antibodies, which are generating antibodies. Immunology is based on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities. But equally important is the cellular response, which can not only kill infected cells in its own right, but it is also crucial in controlling the antibody response. In short, both systems are highly interdependent.

In the 21st century, immunology has broadened its horizons with much research being conducted in more specialized niches of immunology. This includes the immune function of cells, organs and systems not normally associated with the immune system and immune system function outside of the classical models of immunity (Yemeserach 2010).

Answer 5

Clinical Immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the ...